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Journal ArticleDOI

Review: friction stir welding tools

TL;DR: Friction stir welding (FSW) is a widely used solid state joining process for soft materials such as aluminium alloys because it avoids many of the common problems of fusion welding as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Friction stir welding (FSW) is a widely used solid state joining process for soft materials such as aluminium alloys because it avoids many of the common problems of fusion welding. Commercial feasibility of the FSW process for harder alloys such as steels and titanium alloys awaits the development of cost effective and durable tools which lead to structurally sound welds consistently. Material selection and design profoundly affect the performance of tools, weld quality and cost. Here we review and critically examine several important aspects of FSW tools such as tool material selection, geometry and load bearing ability, mechanisms of tool degradation and process economics.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

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08 Dec 2001-BMJ
TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

33,785 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of surface composites via friction stir processing is presented in this article, where the underlying mechanisms in strengthening of FSP-processed surface composite are discussed with reported models.

408 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Current and emerging joining technologies are reviewed according to the mechanisms of joint formation, i.e.; mechanical, chemical, thermal, or hybrid processes.
Abstract: Emerging trends in manufacturing such as light weighting, increased performance and functionality increases the use of multi-material, hybrid structures and thus the need for joining of dissimilar materials. The properties of the different materials are jointly utilised to achieve product performance. The joining processes can, on the other hand be challenging due to the same different properties. This paper reviews and summarizes state of the art research in joining dissimilar materials. Current and emerging joining technologies are reviewed according to the mechanisms of joint formation, i.e.; mechanical, chemical, thermal, or hybrid processes. Methods for process selection are described and future challenges for research on joining dissimilar materials are summarized.

407 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the latest developments in the numerical analysis of friction stir welding processes, microstructures of friction-stir welded joints and the properties of friction spat welded structures.

397 citations


Cites background from "Review: friction stir welding tools..."

  • ...…models cover a broad range of complexity, from the simple conduction heat transfer models [e.g. 44, 45], to the metal flow models [e.g. 46-49], to the fully coupled models [e.g. 50-52] in which the viscoplastic flow and the heat transfer are modeled for predicting temperature and residual…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the basic principles of friction stir welding (FSW) are discussed, including terminology, material flow, joint configurations, tool design, materials, and defects, with an emphasis on recent advances in aerospace, automotive, and ship building.

393 citations

References
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Book ChapterDOI

[...]

01 Jan 2012

139,059 citations


"Review: friction stir welding tools..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Such a material can be prepared by sintering commercially pure hexagonal boron nitride at high pressures (6–8 GPa) and temperatures (1773–2673 K).(39,42,43) The fracture toughness for pcBN with a grain size in the range 2–12 mm is found to be y7 MPa m at ambient temperature....

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Journal ArticleDOI

[...]

08 Dec 2001-BMJ
TL;DR: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one, which seems an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.
Abstract: There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality. Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

33,785 citations

Book
30 Mar 2007
TL;DR: Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining process that is used to join high-strength aerospace aluminum alloys and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly, and versatile. In particular, it can be used to join high-strength aerospace aluminum alloys and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. FSW is considered to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. Recently, friction stir processing (FSP) was developed for microstructural modification of metallic materials. In this review article, the current state of understanding and development of the FSW and FSP are addressed. Particular emphasis has been given to: (a) mechanisms responsible for the formation of welds and microstructural refinement, and (b) effects of FSW/FSP parameters on resultant microstructure and final mechanical properties. While the bulk of the information is related to aluminum alloys, important results are now available for other metals and alloys. At this stage, the technology diffusion has significantly outpaced the fundamental understanding of microstructural evolution and microstructure–property relationships.

4,750 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with the fundamental understanding of the process and its metallurgical consequences, focusing on heat generation, heat transfer and plastic flow during welding, elements of tool design, understanding defect formation and the structure and properties of the welded materials.

1,811 citations

Book
26 Nov 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comparison of various types of metals, chemical properties, and their application in low-dimensional carons and two-dimensional nanomaterials.
Abstract: TRADITIONAL MATERIALS Metals Physical Properties Chemical Properties Ceramics Physical Properties Chemical Properties Glasses Physical Properties Chemical Properties Polymers Physical Properties Chemical Properties Composites Physical Properties Chemical Properties Semiconductors Physical Properties Chemical Properties ADVANCED MATERIALS Low-Dimensional Carbons and Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Physical Properties Chemical Properties MAX Phases Physical Properties Chemical Properties References Amorphous Metals Physical Properties References

1,275 citations