Review of Battery Charger Topologies, Charging Power Levels, and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the current status and implementation of battery chargers, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles and classify them into off-board and on-board types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow.
Abstract: This paper reviews the current status and implementation of battery chargers, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and hybrids. Charger systems are categorized into off-board and on-board types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow. Unidirectional charging limits hardware requirements and simplifies interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging supports battery energy injection back to the grid. Typical on-board chargers restrict power because of weight, space, and cost constraints. They can be integrated with the electric drive to avoid these problems. The availability of charging infrastructure reduces on-board energy storage requirements and costs. On-board charger systems can be conductive or inductive. An off-board charger can be designed for high charging rates and is less constrained by size and weight. Level 1 (convenience), Level 2 (primary), and Level 3 (fast) power levels are discussed. Future aspects such as roadbed charging are presented. Various power level chargers and infrastructure configurations are presented, compared, and evaluated based on amount of power, charging time and location, cost, equipment, and other factors.
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05 Dec 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , a solar photovoltaic (PV), grid-integrated multifunctional off-board bidirectional electric vehicle battery charger (EVBC) that charges the EV batteries and simultaneously improves the grid power quality (PQ) is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a solar photovoltaic (PV), grid-integrated multifunctional off-board bidirectional electric vehicle battery charger (EVBC) that charges the EV batteries and simultaneously improves the grid power quality (PQ). The EVBC is degined to operate in two operating modes, i.e., grid connected mode (GCM), and islanding mode (IM). In GCM, the EVBC controller facilitates the charging/ discharging of EV along with improving the point of common coupling (PCC) voltage and grid current PQ. To do so, the sinusoidal reference current is generated by using the active current component (ACC) of the load current and synchronizing voltage templates (SVT) estimated from grid volatge. This paper proposes a self tuning filter (STF) based control technique to extract ACC and SVT from residential load current and grid voltage, respectively. In IM, the EVBC controller maintains the energy balance by charging/ discharging the EV batteries in accordance with the availability of PV power. Moreover, in IM, the EVBC ensures an undisturbed supply to residential load by maintaining pure sinusoidal voltage at PCC. Furthermore, the EVBC controller adopts STF based phase error minimization technique to maintain a seamless transition from GCM to IM. A simulation model of the EVBC is developed in MATLAB-Simulink, and the proposed STF based control technique is implemented. The steady-state and transient performance of the EVBC with the proposed control technique is verified in GCM and IM operation.
1 citations
Dissertation•
24 Apr 2018
TL;DR: The main objective of the research is to develop efficient load aggregation methodologies for two categories of demands: residential appliances and electric vehicles, based on queueing theory, which proved that effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Abstract: Future energy grids are expected to rely extensively on controlling consumers’ demands to achieve an efficient system operation. The demand-side of the power network is usually constituted of a large number of low power loads, unlike energy production which is concentrated in a few numbers of high power generators. This research is concerned with supporting the management of numerous loads, which can be challenging from a computational point-of-view. A common approach to facilitate the management of a large number of resources is through resource aggregation (clustering). Therefore, the main objective of our research is to develop efficient load aggregation methodologies for two categories of demands: residential appliances and electric vehicles. The proposed methodologies are based on queueing theory, where each queue represents a certain category (class) of demand. Residential appliances are considered in the context of two demand management problems, where the first aims to minimize the energy consumption cost, while the second aims to reduce the magnitude of fluctuations in net demand, as a result of a large-scale integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). Existing models for residential demand aggregation suffer from two limitations:first, demand models ignore the inter-temporal demand dependence that is induced by scheduling deferrable appliances; Second, aggregated demand models for thermostatically-controlled loads are computationally inefficient to be used in DR problems that require optimization over multiple time intervals. Although the same aggregation methodology is applied to both problems, each one of them requires a different demand scheduling algorithm, due to the stochastic nature of RESs which is introduced in the second problem. The second part of our research focuses on minimizing the expected system time needed for charging electric vehicles (EVs). This target can be achieved by two types of decisions, the assignment of EVs to charging stations and the charging of EVs’ batteries. While there exist aggregation models for batteries’ charging, aggregation models for EVs’ assignment are almost non-existent. In addition, aggregation models for batteries’ charging assume that information about EVs’ arrival times, departure times and their required charging energies are given in advance. Such assumption is non-realistic for a charging station, where vehicles arrive randomly. Hence, the third problem is concerned with developing an aggregation model for EVs’ assignment and charging, while considering the stochastic nature of EVs’ arrivals. Realistic models for residential demands and RES powers were used to develop the corresponding numerical results. The proposed scheduling algorithms do not require highly restrictive assumptions. The results proved that effectiveness of the proposed methodology
1 citations
Cites background from "Review of Battery Charger Topologie..."
...Nowadays, there exist three standard charger’s ratings [83]...
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01 Oct 2014
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the behavior of a full-bridge topology for an IPT system, considering misalignment impacts, and the design of an isolated converter for an EV on-board charger fed by this system.
Abstract: This paper presents the behaviour of a full-bridge topology for an IPT system, considering misalignment impacts, and the design of a full-bridge isolated converter for an EV on-board charger fed by this IPT system. The double galvanic isolation is required since this on-board charger is expected to work also directly from the mains. The paper presents a brief description of the proposed IPT system and magnetic core structure, the strategy for the converter operation and the design of the isolating transformer. It also analyses the impact of misalignments of the IPT system on the on-board charger behaviour and control in terms of charging capability. A simulation analysis is included to verify some of the appointed considerations
1 citations
Additional excerpts
...The most common charger topologies use non-controlled rectifiers, inverters, filters and DC/DC converters, being critical the selection of the power switches, the design of the controllers, the used filters, the Power Quality (PQ) impact, and the mechanical assembly of all components [1]-[4]....
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01 Oct 2017
TL;DR: In this article, a reconfigurable AC-DC converter with integral DC-DC stage that allows the single-phase AC power to roughly double compared to a standard configuration, up to 2/3 of the DC/DC stage rating.
Abstract: AC/DC converters for worldwide deployment or multiple applications are often required to operate with single-or three-phase AC connections at a variety of voltages. Electric vehicle charging is an excellent example: a typical AC/DC converter optimized for a 400 V three-phase European connection will only produce about 35% of rated power when operating on a 240 V single-phase connection in North America. This paper proposes a reconfigurable AC-DC converter with integral DC-DC stage that allows the single-phase AC power to roughly double compared to a standard configuration, up to 2/3 of the DC/DC stage rating. The system is constructed with two conventional back-to-back three-phase two-level bridges. When operating in single-phase mode, rather than leaving the DC side under-utilized, our proposed design repurposes one of the DC phase legs and the unused AC phase to create two parallel single-phase connections. This roughly doubles the AC output current and hence doubles the single phase AC power.
1 citations
Cites background from "Review of Battery Charger Topologie..."
...One clear example is electric vehicle (EV) chargers [1]–[8], which use both single- and three-phase connections depending on country and location....
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...edu battery charging/discharging unit [1]–[8] with bi-directional power flow, a microgrid battery, or a solar inverter....
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...As an example, a challenging design is a converter for the Level 2 EV charging common in both the US and Europe [1], as shown in Table I....
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...If the converter is designed for the European three-phase 32 A version and the AC bridge is current limited regardless of voltage, when operating in the typical single-phase configuration at 240 V and the same 32 A it only produces 35% of the rated power....
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17 Mar 2019
TL;DR: This paper analyzes the operation principles of the converter and presents suitable modulation and controller schemes, and experiment results are provided to demonstrate the start-up dynamics, steady-state waveforms, and the dc-fault-blocking capability of the Converter.
Abstract: A boost-full-bridge (BFB) concept is proposed in this paper. It improves the control dynamics of boost-half-bridge (BHB) converters, and makes the converters feasible for dc-dc applications as well as ac-dc. A BFB-type single-active-bridge (SAB) ac-dc converter is proposed and investigated in this paper, as an example case from the BFB family of topologies for the validation of the BFB concept. The proposed converter topology has high power density and galvanic isolation, thanks to its high-frequency (HF) transformer link. It also features dc-side short-circuit fault-blocking capability. This paper analyzes the operation principles of the converter and presents suitable modulation and controller schemes. Experiment results are also provided to demonstrate the start-up dynamics, steady-state waveforms, and the dc-fault-blocking capability of the converter.
1 citations
Cites background from "Review of Battery Charger Topologie..."
...Isolated ac-dc converters play an important role in a wide range of applications, such as: dc distribution, chargers for electric vehicles, adapters for consumer electronics, etc [1]-[8]....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a coordinated charging strategy to minimize the power losses and to maximize the main grid load factor of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).
Abstract: Alternative vehicles, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, are becoming more popular The batteries of these plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are to be charged at home from a standard outlet or on a corporate car park These extra electrical loads have an impact on the distribution grid which is analyzed in terms of power losses and voltage deviations Without coordination of the charging, the vehicles are charged instantaneously when they are plugged in or after a fixed start delay This uncoordinated power consumption on a local scale can lead to grid problems Therefore, coordinated charging is proposed to minimize the power losses and to maximize the main grid load factor The optimal charging profile of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is computed by minimizing the power losses As the exact forecasting of household loads is not possible, stochastic programming is introduced Two main techniques are analyzed: quadratic and dynamic programming
2,601 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defined the three vehicle types that can produce V2G power and the power markets they can sell into, and developed equations to calculate the capacity for grid power from three types of electric drive vehicles.
2,128 citations
Additional excerpts
...[173]–[175]....
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Book•
26 Feb 2018TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an introduction to automotive technology, with specic reference to battery electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles, in which the profound knowledge, mathematical modeling, simulations, and control are clearly presented.
Abstract: "This book is an introduction to automotive technology, with specic reference to battery electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles. It could serve electrical engineers who need to know more about automobiles or automotive engineers who need to know about electrical propulsion systems. For example, this reviewer, who is a specialist in electric machinery, could use this book to better understand the automobiles for which the reviewer is designing electric drive motors. An automotive engineer, on the other hand, might use it to better understand the nature of motors and electric storage systems for application in automobiles, trucks or motorcycles.
The early chapters of the book are accessible to technically literate people who need to know something about cars. While the rst chapter is historical in nature, the second chapter is a good introduction to automobiles, including dynamics of propulsion and braking. The third chapter discusses, in some detail, spark ignition and compression ignition (Diesel) engines. The fourth chapter discusses the nature of transmission systems.”
—James Kirtley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
“The third edition covers extensive topics in modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles, in which the profound knowledge, mathematical modeling, simulations, and control are clearly presented. Featured with design of various vehicle drivetrains, as well as a multi-objective optimization software, it is an estimable work to meet the needs of automotive industry.”
—Haiyan Henry Zhang, Purdue University, USA
“The extensive combined experience of the authors have produced an extensive volume covering a broad range but detailed topics on the principles, design and architectures of Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles in a well-structured, clear and concise manner. The volume offers a complete overview of technologies, their selection, integration & control, as well as an interesting Technical Overview of the Toyota Prius. The technical chapters are complemented with example problems and user guides to assist the reader in practical calculations through the use of common scientic computing packages. It will be of interest mainly to research postgraduates working in this eld as well as established academic researchers, industrial R&D engineers and allied professionals.”
—Christopher Donaghy-Sparg, Durham University, United Kingdom
The book deals with the fundamentals, theoretical bases, and design methodologies of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The design methodology is described in mathematical terms, step-by-step, and the topics are approached from the overall drive train system, not just individual components. Furthermore, in explaining the design methodology of each drive train, design examples are presented with simulation results. All the chapters have been updated, and two new chapters on Mild Hybrids and Optimal Sizing and Dimensioning and Control are also included
• Chapters updated throughout the text.
• New homework problems, solutions, and examples.
• Includes two new chapters.
• Features accompanying MATLABTM software.
1,995 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents an exhaustive review of three-phase improved power quality AC-DC converters configurations, control strategies, selection of components, comparative factors, recent trends, their suitability, and selection for specific applications.
Abstract: Solid-state switch-mode rectification converters have reached a matured level for improving power quality in terms of power-factor correction (PFC), reduced total harmonic distortion at input AC mains and precisely regulated DC output in buck, boost, buck-boost and multilevel modes with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow. This paper deals with a comprehensive review of improved power quality converters (IPQCs) configurations, control approaches, design features, selection of components, other related considerations, and their suitability and selection for specific applications. It is targeted to provide a wide spectrum on the status of IPQC technology to researchers, designers and application engineers working on switched-mode AC-DC converters. A classified list of more than 450 research publications on the state of art of IPQC is also given for a quick reference.
1,691 citations
"Review of Battery Charger Topologie..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Various topologies and schemes have been reported for both single-phase and three-phase chargers [15], [48]....
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...Today, these converters are implemented in a single stage to limit cost, weight, volume, and losses [15]....
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...Three-level diode-clamped bidirectional charger circuit, as in [15]...
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...tional charging is a logical first step because it limits hardware requirements, simplifies interconnection issues, and tends to reduce battery degradation [15], [16]....
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TL;DR: Simulation and experimental results show the superiority of the back-to-back diode-clamped converter over two-level pulsewidth-modulation-based drives.
Abstract: This paper presents transformerless multilevel power converters as an application for high-power and/or high-voltage electric motor drives. Multilevel converters: (1) can generate near-sinusoidal voltages with only fundamental frequency switching; (2) have almost no electromagnetic interference or common-mode voltage; and (3) are suitable for large voltampere-rated motor drives and high voltages. The cascade inverter is a natural fit for large automotive all-electric drives because it uses several levels of DC voltage sources, which would be available from batteries or fuel cells. The back-to-back diode-clamped converter is ideal where a source of AC voltage is available, such as in a hybrid electric vehicle. Simulation and experimental results show the superiority of these two converters over two-level pulsewidth-modulation-based drives.
1,398 citations