Review of Battery Charger Topologies, Charging Power Levels, and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the current status and implementation of battery chargers, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles and classify them into off-board and on-board types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow.
Abstract: This paper reviews the current status and implementation of battery chargers, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and hybrids. Charger systems are categorized into off-board and on-board types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow. Unidirectional charging limits hardware requirements and simplifies interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging supports battery energy injection back to the grid. Typical on-board chargers restrict power because of weight, space, and cost constraints. They can be integrated with the electric drive to avoid these problems. The availability of charging infrastructure reduces on-board energy storage requirements and costs. On-board charger systems can be conductive or inductive. An off-board charger can be designed for high charging rates and is less constrained by size and weight. Level 1 (convenience), Level 2 (primary), and Level 3 (fast) power levels are discussed. Future aspects such as roadbed charging are presented. Various power level chargers and infrastructure configurations are presented, compared, and evaluated based on amount of power, charging time and location, cost, equipment, and other factors.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive review and assessment of the latest research and advancement of electric vehicles (EVs) interaction with smart grid portraying the future electric power system model.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review and assessment of the latest research and advancement of electric vehicles (EVs) interaction with smart grid portraying the future electric power system model. The concept goal of the smart grid along with the future deployment of the EVs puts forward various challenges in terms of electric grid infrastructure, communication and control. Following an intensive review on advanced smart metering and communication infrastructures, the strategy for integrating the EVs into the electric grid is presented. Various EV smart charging technologies are also extensively examined with the perspective of their potential, impacts and limitations under the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) phenomenon. Moreover, the high penetration of renewable energy sources (wind and photovoltaic solar) is soaring up into the power system. However, their intermittent power output poses different challenges on the planning, operation and control of the power system networks. On the other hand, the deployment of EVs in the energy market can compensate for the fluctuations of the electric grid. In this context, a literature review on the integration of the renewable energy and the latest feasible solution using EVs with the insight of the promising research gap to be covered up are investigated. Furthermore, the feasibility of the smart V2G system is thoroughly discussed. In this paper, the EVs interactions with the smart grid as the future energy system model are extensively discussed and research gap is revealed for the possible solutions.
793 citations
TL;DR: This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing compensation topologies for the loosely coupled transformer and discusses the compensation requirements for achieving the maximum efficiency according to different WPT application areas.
Abstract: Wireless power transfer (WPT) is an emerging technology that can realize electric power transmission over certain distances without physical contact, offering significant benefits to modern automation systems, medical applications, consumer electronics, etc. This paper provides a comprehensive review of existing compensation topologies for the loosely coupled transformer. Compensation topologies are reviewed and evaluated based on their basic and advanced functions. Individual passive resonant networks used to achieve constant (load-independent) voltage or current output are analyzed and summarized. Popular WPT compensation topologies are given as application examples, which can be regarded as the combination of multiple blocks of resonant networks. Analyses of the input zero phase angle and soft switching are conducted as well. This paper also discusses the compensation requirements for achieving the maximum efficiency according to different WPT application areas.
659 citations
03 Apr 2019
TL;DR: In this article, the authors set the extensive market penetration of lithium-ion battery-powered EVs as an ultimate objective and then discussed recent advances and challenges of electric automobiles, mainly focusing on critical element resources, present and future EV markets, and the cost and performance of Li-ion batteries.
Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently the most suitable energy storage device for powering electric vehicles (EVs) owing to their attractive properties including high energy efficiency, lack of memory effect, long cycle life, high energy density and high power density. These advantages allow them to be smaller and lighter than other conventional rechargeable batteries such as lead–acid batteries, nickel–cadmium batteries (Ni–Cd) and nickel–metal hydride batteries (Ni–MH). Modern EVs, however, still suffer from performance barriers (range, charging rate, lifetime, etc.) and technological barriers (high cost, safety, reliability, etc.), limiting their widespread adoption. Given these facts, this review sets the extensive market penetration of LIB-powered EVs as an ultimate objective and then discusses recent advances and challenges of electric automobiles, mainly focusing on critical element resources, present and future EV markets, and the cost and performance of LIBs.
Finally, novel battery chemistries and technologies including high-energy electrode materials and all-solid-state batteries are also evaluated for their potential capabilities in next-generation long-range EVs.
645 citations
01 Mar 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of charging pad, power electronics configurations, compensation networks, controls, and standards is presented, along with a detailed analysis of the charging range of EVs.
Abstract: More than a century-old gasoline internal combustion engine is a major contributor to greenhouse gases. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to achieve eco-friendly transportation. However, the major limitation in achieving this vision is the battery technology. It suffers from drawbacks such as high cost, rare material, low energy density, and large weight. The problems related to battery technology can be addressed by dynamically charging the EV while on the move. In-motion charging can reduce the battery storage requirement, which could significantly extend the driving range of an EV. This paper reviews recent advances in stationary and dynamic wireless charging of EVs. A comprehensive review of charging pad, power electronics configurations, compensation networks, controls, and standards is presented.
553 citations
Cites background or methods from "Review of Battery Charger Topologie..."
...Most commonly used PFC configuration is the interleaved boost PFC circuit for EV chargers [8]....
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...95), and the total harmonic distortion (THD) should be less than 5% [8], [42]....
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...fast battery charging techniques to reduce the charging time to 20–30 min [8], [10]....
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...The problem with the conductive charging of EV is that it requires heavy gauge cables to connect to EV which are difficult to handle, has tripping hazards, and are prone to vandalism [7], [8]....
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01 Mar 2018
TL;DR: This paper provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of all the wireless charging technologies for electric vehicle (EVs), characteristics and standards available in the open literature, as well as sustainable implications and potential safety measures.
Abstract: The profitable commercialization and fast adoption of electrified transportation require fast, economical, and reliable charging infrastructure. This paper provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of all the wireless charging technologies for electric vehicle (EVs), characteristics and standards available in the open literature, as well as sustainable implications and potential safety measures. A comparative overview of conductive charging and wireless charging is followed by a detailed description of static wireless charging, dynamic wireless charging (DWC), and quasi-DWC. Roadblocks, such as coil design of power pads, frequency, power level limitations, misalignment, and potential solutions, are outlined. The standards are then tabulated to deliver a coherent view of the current status, followed by an explanation of the crux of these standards. Necessity and progress in the standardization of wireless charging systems are then deliberated. Vehicle-to-grid application of wireless charging is reviewed followed by an overview of economic analysis, social implications, the effect on sustainability, and safety aspects to evaluate the commercial feasibility of wireless charging. This paper will be highly beneficial to research entities, industry professionals, and investment representatives as a ready reference of the wireless charging system of EVs, with information on important characteristics and standards.
542 citations
Cites background from "Review of Battery Charger Topologie..."
...Deployment of efficient and reliable charging infrastructure at short distances would support an unrestricted range for EVs [31]....
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...AC level 1 charger is <2 kW, ac level 2 charger is 4–20 kW, and dc level 3 has more than 20–120 kW [31]–[33]....
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References
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01 Aug 2006
TL;DR: In this article, an interleaved DC/DC converter for multi-wheeled electric vehicles is proposed, which is capable to reconfigure its structure in order to work as active PWM front-end for battery charging.
Abstract: Electric vehicles technology has been an attractive topic for many researchers around the world during the last three decades. Single, double or four wheeled traction are popular applications with corresponding advantages and drawbacks. It's also known that fault tolerance and high reliability are some needed characteristics in this kind of power electronic application. In this paper, it is proposed an interleaved DC/DC converter for multi-wheeled electric vehicles which is capable to reconfigure its structure in order to work as active PWM front-end for battery charging. Moreover, its structure can be modified to be used as bidirectional converter for boosting and regenerative current flow and as a low voltage back-up inverter in case of a fault in any main inverter. The advantages of the power system and partial results are illustrated via numeric simulations..
11 citations
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an international EV roadmap and a review of current international best practice and guidelines under consideration or recommended is presented, as well as an update on any EV infrastructure charging equipment standards.
Abstract: In 2009 the European Union (EU) Directive on Renewable Energy placed an obligation on each Member State to ensure that 10% of transport energy (excluding aviation and marine transport) come from renewable sources by 2020. The Irish Government intends to achieve part of this target by making sure that 10% of all vehicles in its transport fleet are powered by electricity by 2020. Stakeholder groups include but are not limited to policy makers, the public, regulatory bodies, participants in the electricity retail market, the transmission and distribution system grid operators, the automotive industry, private enterprise, civil engineers, electrical engineers, electricians, architects, builders, building owners, building developers, building managers, fleet managers and EV owners. Currently it appears both internationally and Nationally the automotive industry is focused on EV manufacture, governments and policy makers have highlighted the potential environmental and job creation opportunities while the electricity sector is preparing for an additional electrical load on the grid system. The focus of this paper is to produce an international EV roadmap. A review of current international best practice and guidelines under consideration or recommended is presented. An update on any EV infrastructure charging equipment standards is also provided. Finally the regulatory modifications to existing National legislation as well as additional infrastructure items which may need control via new regulations are identified.
11 citations
"Review of Battery Charger Topologie..." refers background in this paper
...Thus, there is much duplication [59], [79]–[81]....
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...Costs associated with the charging infrastructure correlate with hardware standards [79], [80]....
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15 Feb 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss both the historical and scientific issues surrounding the application of electrical technology in the automotive drives field, as well as potential future developments, such as hybrid vehicles and fuel cells.
Abstract: Since the beginning of the century, electrical engineering technologies and applications have pervaded daily life and are present in the majority of everyday products, tools, and appliances. Increasingly these applications are becoming more prevalent in the automotive vehicle and products market. While change in this field has been relatively slow over the last ten years, the pace of change is now beginning to accelerate and we are witnessing a wave driven by regulatory constraints and market laws which are sweeping away the last bastions of resistance. This book discusses both the historical and scientific issues surrounding the application of electrical technology in the automotive drives field, as well as potential future developments, such as hybrid vehicles and fuel cells. In the current context of energy conservation, pollution prevention, and carbon control, this book will provide an important and timely examination of a potentially enormous new market.
10 citations
01 Jan 2006
6 citations