Review of functional and anatomical brain connectivity findings in schizophrenia.
TL;DR: Advances in DTI and in combining DTI with fMRI provide new insight into anatomical and functional connections in the brain, and for studying dysconnectivity in schizophrenia.
Abstract: Purpose of reviewWe review diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies that investigate white matter abnormalities in patients with chronic schizophrenia, first episode schizophrenia, and those who are at genetic risk for developing schizophrenia. Additionally, we include studies that combine DTI and fun
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TL;DR: Emerging evidence suggests that atypical engagement of specific subdivisions of the insula within the salience network is a feature of many neuropsychiatric disorders.
Abstract: The brain is constantly bombarded by stimuli, and the relative salience of these inputs determines which are more likely to capture attention. A brain system known as the 'salience network', with key nodes in the insular cortices, has a central role in the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli and the coordination of neural resources. Emerging evidence suggests that atypical engagement of specific subdivisions of the insula within the salience network is a feature of many neuropsychiatric disorders.
1,484 citations
TL;DR: The logic and rationale behind the development of the behavioral, individual difference, and tfMRI batteries are described and preliminary data on the patterns of activation associated with each of the fMRI tasks are provided, at both group and individual levels.
1,271 citations
Cites background from "Review of functional and anatomical..."
...…for impairments in both structural and functional connectivity in psychiatric disorders such as autism (Vissers et al., 2012), schizophrenia (Fitzsimmons et al., 2013; Fornito et al., 2012; Repovs et al., 2011; Whitfield-Gabrieli and Ford, 2012), ADHD (Fair et al., 2012), mood disorders…...
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..., 2012), schizophrenia (Fitzsimmons et al., 2013; Fornito et al., 2012; Repovs et al., 2011; Whitfield-Gabrieli and Ford, 2012), ADHD (Fair et al....
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TL;DR: It is suggested that disruptions of fetal prefrontal cortical neurogenesis are critical to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the feasibility of integrating genomic and transcriptome analyses to map critical neurodevelopmental processes in time and space in the brain is supported.
512 citations
Cites background from "Review of functional and anatomical..."
..., aberrant connections with and between different brain regions (Fitzsimmons et al., 2013)....
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...A key feature of schizophrenia appears to be brain disconnectivity—i.e., aberrant connections with and between different brain regions (Fitzsimmons et al., 2013)....
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TL;DR: It is argued that, where observed, emotional impairments are due to alexithymia—a condition that frequently co-occurs with autism—rather than a feature of autism per se, and has wide-reaching implications for the study of autism.
Abstract: It is widely accepted that autism is associated with disordered emotion processing and, in particular, with deficits of emotional reciprocity such as impaired emotion recognition and reduced empathy. However, a close examination of the literature reveals wide heterogeneity within the autistic population with respect to emotional competence. Here we argue that, where observed, emotional impairments are due to alexithymia-a condition that frequently co-occurs with autism-rather than a feature of autism per se. Alexithymia is a condition characterized by a reduced ability to identify and describe one's own emotion, but which results in reduced empathy and an impaired ability to recognize the emotions of others. We briefly review studies of emotion processing in alexithymia, and in autism, before describing a recent series of studies directly testing this 'alexithymia hypothesis'. If found to be correct, the alexithymia hypothesis has wide-reaching implications for the study of autism, and how we might best support subgroups of autistic individuals with, and without, accompanying alexithymia. Finally, we note the presence of elevated rates of alexithymia, and inconsistent reports of emotional impairments, in eating disorders, schizophrenia, substance abuse, Parkinson's Disease, multiple sclerosis and anxiety disorders. We speculate that examining the contribution of alexithymia to the emotional symptoms of these disorders may bear fruit in the same way that it is starting to do in autism.
429 citations
TL;DR: A coordinate-based meta-analysis motivates an empirical foundation for a disconnected large-scale brain networks model of schizophrenia in which the salience processing network (VAN) plays the core role, and its imbalanced communication with other functional networks may underlie the core difficulty of patients to differentiate self-representation and environmental salienceprocessing.
Abstract: Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder with disorganized communication among large-scale brain networks, as demonstrated by impaired resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). Individual rsFC studies, however, vary greatly in their methods and findings. We searched for consistent patterns of network dysfunction in schizophrenia by using a coordinate-based meta-analysis. Fifty-six seed-based voxel-wise rsFC datasets from 52 publications (2115 patients and 2297 healthy controls) were included in this meta-analysis. Then, coordinates of seed regions of interest (ROI) and between-group effects were extracted and coded. Seed ROIs were categorized into seed networks by their location within an a priori template. Multilevel kernel density analysis was used to identify brain networks in which schizophrenia was linked to hyper-connectivity or hypo-connectivity with each a priori network. Our results showed that schizophrenia was characterized by hypo-connectivity within the default network (DN, self-related thought), affective network (AN, emotion processing), ventral attention network (VAN, processing of salience), thalamus network (TN, gating information) and somatosensory network (SS, involved in sensory and auditory perception). Additionally, hypo-connectivity between the VAN and TN, VAN and DN, VAN and frontoparietal network (FN, external goal-directed regulation), FN and TN, and FN and DN were found in schizophrenia. Finally, the only instance of hyper-connectivity in schizophrenia was observed between the AN and VAN. Our meta-analysis motivates an empirical foundation for a disconnected large-scale brain networks model of schizophrenia in which the salience processing network (VAN) plays the core role, and its imbalanced communication with other functional networks may underlie the core difficulty of patients to differentiate self-representation (inner world) and environmental salience processing (outside world).
284 citations
Cites background from "Review of functional and anatomical..."
...Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) non-peered-reviewed study; (2) no HC group; (3) whole-brain results could not be obtained or did not survive multiple comparison correction (studies that reported group differences in rsFC were eligible for inclusion) or (4) entirely overlapping samples and the same seed ROIs reported in another publication....
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References
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TL;DR: A baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF is identified, suggesting the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.
Abstract: A baseline or control state is fundamental to the understanding of most complex systems. Defining a baseline state in the human brain, arguably our most complex system, poses a particular challenge. Many suspect that left unconstrained, its activity will vary unpredictably. Despite this prediction we identify a baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF. The OEF is defined as the ratio of oxygen used by the brain to oxygen delivered by flowing blood and is remarkably uniform in the awake but resting state (e.g., lying quietly with eyes closed). Local deviations in the OEF represent the physiological basis of signals of changes in neuronal activity obtained with functional MRI during a wide variety of human behaviors. We used quantitative metabolic and circulatory measurements from positron-emission tomography to obtain the OEF regionally throughout the brain. Areas of activation were conspicuous by their absence. All significant deviations from the mean hemisphere OEF were increases, signifying deactivations, and resided almost exclusively in the visual system. Defining the baseline state of an area in this manner attaches meaning to a group of areas that consistently exhibit decreases from this baseline, during a wide variety of goal-directed behaviors monitored with positron-emission tomography and functional MRI. These decreases suggest the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.
10,708 citations
"Review of functional and anatomical..." refers background in this paper
...Of note, activation within the most active rest network, called the default mode network [12], is modulated, or...
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TL;DR: TBSS aims to improve the sensitivity, objectivity and interpretability of analysis of multi-subject diffusion imaging studies by solving the question of how to align FA images from multiple subjects in a way that allows for valid conclusions to be drawn from the subsequent voxelwise analysis.
5,959 citations
"Review of functional and anatomical..." refers methods in this paper
...Here, several analytic approaches have been developed, with the most popular being voxel-based analysis (VBA) and Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS), the latter with improved between-patient registration [4]....
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Book•
01 Jun 1968
TL;DR: It's coming again, the new collection that this site has; the favorite dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias monograph series on schizophrenia no 1 book is offered today.
Abstract: It's coming again, the new collection that this site has. To complete your curiosity, we offer the favorite dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias monograph series on schizophrenia no 1 book as the choice today. This is a book that will show you even new to old thing. Forget it; it will be right for you. Well, when you are really dying of dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias monograph series on schizophrenia no 1, just pick it. You know, this book is always making the fans to be dizzy if not to find.
3,803 citations
"Review of functional and anatomical..." refers background in this paper
...Onset is during adolescence or young adulthood, and it is often chronic [1,2]....
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TL;DR: It is shown that neuronal pathways in the rat brain can be probed in situ using high‐resolution three‐dimensional diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and a newly designed tracking approach.
Abstract: The relationship between brain structure and complex behavior is governed by large-scale neurocognitive networks. The availability of a noninvasive technique that can visualize the neuronal projections connecting the functional centers should therefore provide new keys to the understanding of brain function. By using high-resolution three-dimensional diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and a newly designed tracking approach, we show that neuronal pathways in the rat brain can be probed in situ. The results are validated through comparison with known anatomical locations of such fibers.
3,495 citations
"Review of functional and anatomical..." refers methods in this paper
...Among different tractography methods, principal diffusion direction tractography is the most popular [6], with other, newer tractography methods, such as stochastic/probabilistic tractography [7] and multitensor tractography [8], which address shortcomings of principal diffusion direction (namely poor performance of principal diffusion direction in areas of low fractional anisotropy; e....
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Book•
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: "Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia" (1919) was the book in which Kraepelin first presented his work on schizophrenia to the English-speaking world, and it was probably the most influential psychiatric text of the entire 20th century, and has now become rare.
Abstract: The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856 - 1926) is justly called "the father of modern psychiatry". He was the first to identify dementia praecox (schizophrenia) and manic-depression, and he pioneered the use of drugs to treat mental illness. He was also joint discoverer of Alzheimer's disease - which he named after his collaborator, Dr Alois Alzheimer. Kraepelin presented these and other discoveries in successive editions of his "Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch" (definitive 8th edition also now available from Thoemmes Press). Much of this gigantic textbook can only be read in the original German; but parts of it were translated into English, and they had a very profound influence on the development of world psychiatry for the rest of the 20th century. Although Bleuler's name for the disease "schizophrenia" came to replace Kraepelin's term, Kraepelin's general description of the syndrome and division of it into subforms such as hebephrenia and catatonia has persisted. He succeeded in tying together into a single recognizable diagnostic category a disparate array of symptoms that, before Kraepelin, had not been seen as cohering. Despite myriad later refinements, Kraepelin's description of the syndrome is still the classic presentation; it very much lives on in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual" used by present-day psychiatrists. "Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia" (1919) was the book in which Kraepelin first presented his work on schizophrenia to the English-speaking world. It was probably the most influential psychiatric text of the entire 20th century, and has now become rare. Thoemmes Press is pleased to make this facsimile of the first edition available as a single volume.
2,825 citations
"Review of functional and anatomical..." refers background in this paper
...Onset is during adolescence or young adulthood, and it is often chronic [1,2]....
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