Review of magnetostrictive patch transducers and applications in ultrasonic nondestructive testing of waveguides.
TL;DR: A variety of state-of-the-art MPT configurations and their applications will be reviewed along with the working principle of this transducer type.
Abstract: A magnetostrictive patch transducer (MPT) is a transducer that exploits the magnetostrictive phenomena representing interactions between mechanical and magnetic fields in ferromagnetic materials. Since MPT technology was mainly developed and applied for nondestructive ultrasonic testing in waveguides such as pipes and plates, this paper will accordingly review advances of this technology in such a context. An MPT consists of a magnetic circuit composed of permanent magnets and coils, and a thin magnetostrictive patch that works as a sensing and actuating element which is bonded onto or coupled with a test waveguide. The configurations of the circuit and magnetostrictive patch therefore critically affect the performance of an MPT as well as the excited and measured wave modes in a waveguide. In this paper, a variety of state-of-the-art MPT configurations and their applications will be reviewed along with the working principle of this transducer type. The use of MPTs in wave experiments involving phononic crystals and elastic metamaterials is also briefly introduced.
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TL;DR: The present manuscript intends to review the ultrasonic testing techniques applied to additive manufacturing products; either in-situ or offline; and the codes and standards which are currently being developed for ultrasonic tested products are introduced.
Abstract: Ultrasonic testing (UT) techniques are highly capable of detecting defects in engineering components. The present manuscript intends to review the ultrasonic testing techniques applied to additive manufacturing products; either in-situ or offline. While the in-situ applications of ultrasonic testing to additive manufacturing are more favorable, literature holds a few research works on this topic. On the other hand, most of the works reported on ultrasonic testing of additive manufacturing products deal with offline applications. In many of these works, samples with artificial defects are prepared and tested through ultrasonic testing techniques including laser ultrasonics, phased arrays, guided waves and immersion ultrasonic testing. These UT methods and their applications in damage detection of additive manufacturing products are discussed in detail. Moreover, the codes and standards which are currently being developed for ultrasonic testing of additive manufacturing products are introduced. The choice of UT methods in detecting defects and material characterization in additive manufacturing is found to be highly dependent on the manufacturing process and capabilities of UT techniques.
139 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a substructured unit cell for elastic metasurfaces, which is decomposed into a mass-tuning substructure with a local dipolar resonator and a stiffness-tuned substructure composed of non-resonant multiply-perforated slits.
Abstract: The metasurface concept has a significant potential due to its novel wavefront-shaping functionalities that can be critically useful for ultrasonic and solid wave-based applications. To achieve the desired functionalities, elastic metasurfaces should cover full 2π phase shift and also acquire full transmission within subwavelength scale. However, they have not been explored much with respect to the elastic regime, because the intrinsic proportionality of mass-stiffness within the continuum elastic media causes an inevitable trade-off between abrupt phase shift and sufficient transmission. Our goal is to engineer an elastic metasurface that can realize an inverse relation between (amplified) effective mass and (weakened) stiffness in order to satisfy full 2π phase shift as well as full transmission. To achieve this goal, we propose a continuum elastic metasurface unit cell that is decomposed into two substructures, namely a mass-tuning substructure with a local dipolar resonator and a stiffness-tuning substructure composed of non-resonant multiply-perforated slits. We demonstrate analytically, numerically, and experimentally that this unique substructured unit cell can satisfy the required phase shift with high transmission. The substructuring enables independent tuning of the elastic properties over a wide range of values. We use a mass-spring model of the proposed continuum unit cell to investigate the working mechanism of the proposed metasurface. With the designed metasurface consisting of substructured unit cells embedded in an aluminum plate, we demonstrate that our metasurface can successfully realize anomalous steering and focusing of in-plane longitudinal ultrasonic beams. The proposed substructuring concept is expected to provide a new principle for the design of general elastic metasurfaces that can be used to efficiently engineer arbitrary wave profiles.
107 citations
TL;DR: A new transmodal Fabry-Pérot resonance where one elastic-wave mode is maximally transmitted to another is discovered where the phase difference of two dissimilar modes through an anisotropic layer becomes odd multiples of π under the reflection-free and weak mode-coupling assumptions.
Abstract: We discovered a new transmodal Fabry-Perot resonance where one elastic-wave mode is maximally transmitted to another. It occurs when the phase difference of two dissimilar modes through an anisotropic layer becomes odd multiples of π under the reflection-free and weak mode-coupling assumptions. Unlike the well-established Fabry-Perot resonance, the transmodal resonance must involve two coupled elastic waves between longitudinal and shear modes. The investigation into the origin of wiggly transmodal transmission spectra suggests that efficient broadband mode conversion can be achieved if the media satisfy the structural stability condition to some degree. The new resonance mechanism, also experimentally characterized, opens up new possibilities for manipulating elastic wave modes as an effective alternative to generating shear-mode ultrasound.
77 citations
TL;DR: The proposed EMAT requires a magnetic circuit configuration that allows omnidirectional SH wave transduction and consists of a pair of ring-type permanent magnets that supply static magnetic fluxes and a specially wound coil that induces eddy currents.
Abstract: We propose a new electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) for generation and measurement of omnidirectional shear-horizontal (SH) guided waves in metallic plates. The proposed EMAT requires a magnetic circuit configuration that allows omnidirectional SH wave transduction. It consists of a pair of ring-type permanent magnets that supply static magnetic fluxes and a specially wound coil that induces eddy currents. The Lorentz force acting along the circumferential direction is induced by the vertical static magnetic flux and the radial eddy current in a plate, resulting in omnidirectional SH wave generation. To maximize the transducer output at given excitation frequencies, optimal EMAT configurations are determined by numerical simulations and validated by experiments. The omnidirectivity of the proposed EMAT is also confirmed by the simulations and experiments.
74 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the state-of-the-art SH wave transducers for structural health monitoring (SHM) and nondestructive testing (NDT) is presented.
Abstract: Shear horizontal (SH) waves are of great importance in structural health monitoring (SHM) and nondestructive testing (NDT), since the lowest order SH wave in isotropic plates is non-dispersive. The SH waves in plates, circumferential SH waves and torsional waves in pipes have remarkable resemblances in dispersion characteristics and wave structures, so the latter two can also be called as SH waves in pipes. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art research on SH wave transducers for SHM and NDT. These transducers are grouped into the following categories: Lorentz-force-based electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs), magnetostrictive EMATs, shear wave piezoelectric wedge transducers, thickness-shear piezoelectric transducers and face-shear piezoelectric transducers. The working principles, applications, merits and limitations of different kinds of SH wave transducers are summarized, with a focus on discussing the various configurations for exciting and receiving directional, omnidirectional SH waves in plates and torsional waves in pipes. This paper is expected to greatly promote the applications of SH waves in SHM, NDT and the related areas such as elastic metamaterials.
67 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive study of elastic wave propagation in solids is presented, ranging from the theory of waves and vibrations in strings to the three-dimensional theory of elastic waves in thick plates.
Abstract: The book presents a comprehensive study of elastic wave propagation in solids. Topics covered range from the theory of waves and vibrations in strings to the three-dimensional theory of waves in thick plates. The subject is covered in the following chapters: (1) waves and vibrations in strings, (2) longitudinal waves in thin rods, (3) flexural waves in thin rods, (4) waves in membranes, thin plates and shells, (5) waves in infinite media, (6) waves in semi-infinite media, (7) scattering and diffraction of elastic waves, and (8) wave propagation in plates and rods. Appendices contain introductory information on elasticity, transforms and experimental techniques. /TRRL/
3,359 citations
Book•
01 Sep 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the theory of elasticity was introduced and basic formulas and concepts in complex variables in the theory and application of wave propagation were discussed. But the authors did not consider the effects of wave scattering on the wave propagation experiments.
Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction 2. Dispersion principles 3. Unbounded isotropic and anisotropic media 4. Reflection and refraction 5. Oblique incidence 6. Wave scattering 7. Surface and subsurface waves 8. Waves in plates 9. Interface waves 10. Layer on a half space 11. Waves in rods 12. Waves in hollow cylinders 13. Guided waves in multiple layers 14. Source influence 15. Horizontal shear 16. Waves in an anisotropic layer 17. Elastic constant determination 18. Waves in viscoelastic media 19. Stress influence 20. Boundary element methods Bibliography Appendices A. Ultrasonic nondestructive testing principles, analysis and display technology B. Basic formulas and concepts in the theory of elasticity C. Basic formulas in complex variables D. Schlieren imaging and dynamic photoelasticity E. Key wave propagation experiments Index.
2,570 citations
"Review of magnetostrictive patch tr..." refers background in this paper
..., [98,99]): ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi x2 c(2)L k(2) s h 1⁄4 np 2 ðn : integerÞ for shear-horizontal waves;...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the propagation of free harmonic waves along a hollow circular cylinder of infinite extent is discussed within the framework of the linear theory of elasticity, and a characteristic equation appropriate to the circular hollow cylinder is obtained by use of the Helmholtz potentials for arbitrary values of the physical parameters involved.
Abstract: The propagation of free harmonic waves along a hollow circular cylinder of infinite extent is discussed within the framework of the linear theory of elasticity. A characteristic equation appropriate to the circular hollow cylinder is obtained by use of the Helmholtz potentials for arbitrary values of the physical parameters involved. Axially symmetric waves, the limiting modes of infinite wavelength, and a special family of equivoluminal modes are derived and discussed as degenerate cases of the general equations.
702 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated a model theory of the changes in magnetization that a ferromagnetic material undergoes when subjected to an applied uniaxial stress and showed that the effect can be described by an equation in which the rate of change of magnetization with elastic energy is proportional to the displacement of the magnetization from the anhysteretic magnetization.
Abstract: This study investigated a model theory of the changes in magnetization that a ferromagnetic material undergoes when subjected to an applied uniaxial stress. The description of these effects is shown to be totally different from the description of the changes in the hysteresis curve under a series of constant applied stresses. The main mechanism in the proposed model theory is the unpinning of domain walls by the application of stress, which allows the walls to move and causes a change in the magnetization. This change in magnetization reduces the displacement from the anhysteretic magnetization. In addition, the anhysteretic magnetization itself is changed by the application of stress via the magnetoelastic coupling. It is shown that the effect can be described by an equation in which the rate of change of magnetization with elastic energy is proportional to the displacement of the magnetization from the anhysteretic magnetization. This is termed the 'law of approach'. This law seems to apply when the starting condition of the material is on a major hysteresis loop.
634 citations
"Review of magnetostrictive patch tr..." refers background in this paper
...Magnetostriction is a coupling phenomenon involving a magnetization process and dimension/shape change in ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt [1,2]....
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Book•
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: The physics of giant magnetostriction and its application in magnetostrictive thin-film technologies are discussed in this paper, where the authors present a model of the giant magneto-strictive material.
Abstract: Physics of Giant Magnetostriction. Modelling of Giant Magnetostrictive Materials. Magnetostrictive Design. Magnetostrictive Material and Actuator Characterization. Device Application Examples. Giant Magnetostrictive Thin Film Technologies.
563 citations
"Review of magnetostrictive patch tr..." refers background in this paper
...Assuming that a static uniform bias field HS is applied along the x direction in a thin patch on the x–y plane (z: patch thickness direction), and that the applied dynamic field HD is parallel or perpendicular to the static field in the x–y plane, the coupling coefficient d appearing in (13a) can be written in matrix form as [101]:...
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...If the resultant infinitesimal magnetic-flux-density vector and infinitesimal mechanical-strain tensor are denoted by dB and dS, respectively, dU, the change of the total internal energy of the infinitesimal volume, is [101]:...
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