Review of power curve modelling for wind turbines
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the equations commonly used to represent the power curves of variable speed wind turbine generators (VSWTs) is carried out, which shows that the exponential and cubic approximations give the higher R 2 values and the lower error in energy estimation.
Abstract: Currently, variable speed wind turbine generators (VSWTs) are the type of wind turbines most widely installed. For wind energy studies, they are usually modelled by means the approximation of the manufacturer power curve using a generic equation. In literature, several expressions to do this approximation can be found; nevertheless, there is not much information about which is the most appropriate to represent the energy produced by a VSWT. For this reason, in this paper, it is carried out a review of the equations commonly used to represent the power curves of VSWTs: polynomial power curve, exponential power curve, cubic power curve and approximate cubic power curve. They have been compared to manufacturer power curves by using the coefficients of determination, as fitness indicators, and by using the estimation of energy production. Data gathered from nearly 200 commercial VSWTs, ranging from 225 to 7500 kW, has been used for this analysis. Results of the analysis presented in the paper show that exponential and cubic approximations give the higher R 2 values and the lower error in energy estimation. With the approximate cubic power curve quite high values of R 2 and low errors in energy estimation are achieved, which makes this kind of approximation very interesting due to its simplicity. Finally, the polynomial power curve shows the worst results mainly due to its sensitivity to the data given by the manufacturer.
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18 May 2015
TL;DR: The most successful generator-converter configurations are addressed along with few promising topologies available in the literature from the market based survey, and the past, present and future trends in megawatt WECS are reviewed in terms of mechanical and electrical technologies, integration to power systems, and control theory.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive study on the state-of-the-art and emerging wind energy technologies from the electrical engineering perspective. In an attempt to decrease cost of energy, increase the wind energy conversion efficiency, reliability, power density, and comply with the stringent grid codes, the electric generators and power electronic converters have emerged in a rigorous manner. From the market based survey, the most successful generator-converter configurations are addressed along with few promising topologies available in the literature. The back-to-back connected converters, passive generator-side converters, converters for multiphase generators, and converters without intermediate dc-link are investigated for high-power wind energy conversion systems (WECS), and presented in low and medium voltage category. The onshore and offshore wind farm configurations are analyzed with respect to the series/parallel connection of wind turbine ac/dc output terminals, and high voltage ac/dc transmission. The fault-ride through compliance methods used in the induction and synchronous generator based WECS are also discussed. The past, present and future trends in megawatt WECS are reviewed in terms of mechanical and electrical technologies, integration to power systems, and control theory. The important survey results, and technical merits and demerits of various WECS electrical systems are summarized by tables. The list of current and future wind turbines are also provided along with technical details.
694 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an exhaustive overview on the need for modeling of wind turbine power curves and the different methodologies employed for the same, and also review in detail the parametric and non-parametric modeling techniques and critically evaluates them.
Abstract: The wind turbine power curve shows the relationship between the wind turbine power and hub height wind speed. It essentially captures the wind turbine performance. Hence it plays an important role in condition monitoring and control of wind turbines. Power curves made available by the manufacturers help in estimating the wind energy potential in a candidate site. Accurate models of power curve serve as an important tool in wind power forecasting and aid in wind farm expansion. This paper presents an exhaustive overview on the need for modeling of wind turbine power curves and the different methodologies employed for the same. It also reviews in detail the parametric and non-parametric modeling techniques and critically evaluates them. The areas of further research have also been presented.
409 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, different available MPPT algorithms are described for extracting maximum power which are classified according to the power measurement i.e. direct or indirect power controller and compared in terms of complexity, wind speed requirement, prior training, speed responses, etc.
Abstract: Wind power is the most reliable and developed renewable energy source over past decades. With the rapid penetration of the wind generators in the power system grid, it is very essential to utilize the maximum available power from the wind and to operate the wind turbine (WT) at its maximal energy conversion output. For this, the wind energy conversion system (WECS) has to track or operate at the maximum power point (MPP). A decent variety of publication report on various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for a WECS. However, making a choice on an exact MPPT algorithm for a particular case require sufficient proficiency because each algorithm has its own merits and demerits. For this reason, an appropriate review of those algorithms is essential. However, only a few attempts have been made in this concern. In this paper, different available MPPT algorithms are described for extracting maximum power which are classified according to the power measurement i.e. direct or indirect power controller. Merits, demerits and comprehensive comparison of the different MPPT algorithms also highlighted in the terms of complexity, wind speed requirement, prior training, speed responses, etc. and also the ability to acquire the maximal energy output. This paper serves as a proper reference for future MPPT users in selecting appropriate MPPT algorithm for their requirement.
408 citations
TL;DR: A penalizedspline regression model is developed to address the issues of choosing the number and location of knots in the spline regression in the polynomial regression.
Abstract: Wind turbine power curve modeling is an important tool in turbine performance monitoring and power forecasting. There are several statistical techniques to fit the empirical power curve of a wind turbine, which can be classified into parametric and nonparametric methods. In this paper, we study four of these methods to estimate the wind turbine power curve. Polynomial regression is studied as the benchmark parametric model, and issues associated with this technique are discussed. We then introduce the locally weighted polynomial regression method, and show its advantages over the polynomial regression. Also, the spline regression method is examined to achieve more flexibility for fitting the power curve. Finally, we develop a penalized spline regression model to address the issues of choosing the number and location of knots in the spline regression. The performance of the presented methods is evaluated using two simulated data sets as well as an actual operational power data of a wind farm in North America.
193 citations
Cites methods from "Review of power curve modelling for..."
...There are several statistical methods to fit the empirical power curve of a wind turbine [10]....
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TL;DR: A detailed review of different approaches for modelling of the wind turbine power curve is presented in this paper, where the objectives of modelling, various issues involved therein, and the standard procedure for power performance measurement with its limitations have been discussed.
Abstract: Power curve of a wind turbine depicts the relationship between output power and hub height wind speed and is an important characteristic of the turbine. Power curve aids in energy assessment, warranty formulations, and performance monitoring of the turbines. With the growth of wind industry, turbines are being installed in diverse climatic conditions, onshore and offshore, and in complex terrains causing significant departure of these curves from the warranted values. Accurate models of power curves can play an important role in improving the performance of wind energy based systems. This paper presents a detailed review of different approaches for modelling of the wind turbine power curve. The methodology of modelling depends upon the purpose of modelling, availability of data, and the desired accuracy. The objectives of modelling, various issues involved therein, and the standard procedure for power performance measurement with its limitations have therefore been discussed here. Modelling methods described here use data from manufacturers’ specifications and actual data from the wind farms. Classification of modelling methods, various modelling techniques available in the literature, model evaluation criteria, and application of soft computing methods for modelling are then reviewed in detail. The drawbacks of the existing methods and future scope of research are also identified.
175 citations
Cites methods from "Review of power curve modelling for..."
...The power curve that is modelled in [52] uses a exponential equation whereas a double exponential equation is used in [32]....
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References
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TL;DR: This paper presents convergence properties of the Nelder--Mead algorithm applied to strictly convex functions in dimensions 1 and 2, and proves convergence to a minimizer for dimension 1, and various limited convergence results for dimension 2.
Abstract: The Nelder--Mead simplex algorithm, first published in 1965, is an enormously popular direct search method for multidimensional unconstrained minimization. Despite its widespread use, essentially no theoretical results have been proved explicitly for the Nelder--Mead algorithm. This paper presents convergence properties of the Nelder--Mead algorithm applied to strictly convex functions in dimensions 1 and 2. We prove convergence to a minimizer for dimension 1, and various limited convergence results for dimension 2. A counterexample of McKinnon gives a family of strictly convex functions in two dimensions and a set of initial conditions for which the Nelder--Mead algorithm converges to a nonminimizer. It is not yet known whether the Nelder--Mead method can be proved to converge to a minimizer for a more specialized class of convex functions in two dimensions.
7,141 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the generation of electricity from clean and renewable sources, and show that wind energy has become the world's fastest growing energy source, and that renewable energy is the most promising energy source.
Abstract: As environmental concerns have focussed attention on the generation of electricity from clean and renewable sources, wind energy has become the world's fastest growing energy source. The authors dr ...
2,878 citations
18 Dec 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a simplified HAWT rotor performance calculation procedure was proposed to evaluate the effect of drag and blade number on the optimum performance of wind turbine rotor performance, considering the Betz limit and the ideal horizontal axis wind turbine with wake rotation.
Abstract: Preface Acknowledgements Introduction: Modern wind energy and its origins Modern wind turbines History of wind energy Wind characteristics and resources Introduction General characteristics of the wind resource Characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer Wind data analysis and resource estimation Wind turbine energy production estimates using statistical techniques Overview of available resource assessment data Wind measurements and instrumentation Advanced topics Aerodynamics of wind turbines General overview One-dimensional momentum theory and the Betz limit Ideal horizontal axis wind turbing with wake rotation' Airfoils and general concepts of aerodynamics Momentum theory and blade element theory Blade shape for ideal rotor without wake rotation General rotor blade shape performance prediction Blade shape for optimum rotor with wake rotation Generalized rotor design procedure Simplified HAWT rotor performance calculation procedure Effect of drag and blade number on optimum performance Advanced aerodynamic topics Mechanics and dynamics Wind turbine rotor dynamics Detailed and specialized dynamic models Electrical aspects of wind turbines Basic concepts of electric power Power transformers Electrical machines Power converters Ancillary electrical equipment Wind turbine design Design procedure Wind turbine topologies Materials Machine elements Wind turbine loads Wind turbine subsystems and components Design evaluation Power curve prediction Wind turbine loads Wind turbine subsystems and components Design evaluation Power curve prediction Wind turbine control Overview of wind turbine control systems Typical grid-connected turbine operation Supervisory control overview and implementation Dynamic control theory and implementation Wind turbine siting, system design and integration Wind turbine siting Installation and operation issues Wind farms Wind turbines and wind farms in electric grids Offshore wind farms Operation in severe climates Hybrid electrical systems Wind energy system economics Overview of economic assessment of wind energy systems Capital costs of wind energy systems Operation and maintenance costs Value of wind energy Economic analysis methods Wind energy market considerations Wind energy systems: environmental aspects and impacts Avian interaction with wind trubines Visual impact of wind turbines Wind turbine noise Electromagnetic interference effects Land-use environmental impacts Other environmental considerations Nomenclature Problems Index
2,354 citations
TL;DR: Manwell, Manwell, McGowan, and Rogers as discussed by the authors provide a thorough and highly accessible introduction to the cross-disciplinary field of wind energy engineering, including the theory, design, and application.
Abstract: WIND ENERGY EXPLAINED: THEORY, Design, and Application, by J.F. Manwell, J.G. McGowan, and A.L. Rogers, is intended to provide both a thorough and highly accessible introduction to the cross-disciplinary field of wind engineering. The economic viability and political appeal of wind power is on the increase, making this text a timely addition to the literature. It was developed to complement the increasing number of renewable/wind energy courses now available, it includes end-of-chapter tutorial sections, and it combines both academic and industrial experience. Its coverage spans every aspect of wind energy engineering
981 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the performance of wind energy conversion systems and the economic and environmental impact of wind power conversion systems in terms of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources, as well as wind energy and environment.
Abstract: Basics of wind energy conversion.- Analysis of wind regimes.- Wind energy conversion systems.- Performance of wind energy conversion systems.- Wind energy and environment.- Economics of wind energy.
718 citations