Review of step-pool hydrodynamics in mountain streams:

doi:10.1177/0309133319859807

Home
/
Papers
/
Review of step-pool hydrodynamics in mountain streams:

Journal Article•DOI•

Review of step-pool hydrodynamics in mountain streams:

Sruthi Thazhathe Kalathil¹, Venu Chandra¹•Institutions (1)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras¹

24 Jun 2019-Vol. 43, Iss: 5, pp 607-626

TL;DR: In this paper, steppools are one of the major types of bed morphology prevalent in mountain streams and they have a unique flow structure as compared to low-gradient streams, in terms of large boundary elements and...

read less

Abstract: Step-pools are one of the major types of bed morphology prevalent in mountain streams. They have a unique flow structure as compared to low-gradient streams, in terms of large boundary elements and...

...read moreread less

Citations

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

The role of infrequently mobile boulders in modulating landscape evolution and geomorphic hazards

[...]

Charles M. Shobe¹, Charles M. Shobe², Jens M. Turowski², Ron Nativ³, Ron Nativ², Rachel C. Glade⁴, Georgina L. Bennett⁵, Benedetta Dini⁶ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (6)

West Virginia University¹, University of Potsdam², Ben-Gurion University of the Negev³, University of Rochester⁴, University of Exeter⁵, University of East Anglia⁶

01 Sep 2021-Earth-Science Reviews

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review progress on five key questions related to how boulders influence the evolution of unglaciated, eroding landscapes: 1) What factors control boulder production on eroding hillslopes and the subsequent downslope evolution of the boulder size distribution.

...read moreread less

27 citations

Journal Article•

Step-Pool Streams: An Adjustment to Maximum Flow Resistance

[...]

Athol D. Abrahams, Gang Li, Joseph F. Atkinson

01 Jan 1994-Hydraulic Engineering

TL;DR: In this paper, an experiment was conducted to study the maximum flow resistance of step pool streams and the morphology of the steps formed from clastic materials, and the step pool formation was qualitatively simulated to analyze numerically the formation process.

...read moreread less

Abstract: An experiment was conducted to study the maximum flow resistance of step pool streams and the morphology of the steps formed from clastic materials. The step pool formation was qualitatively simulated to analyze numerically the formation process. A flume 4.88 mm long and .15 m wide was used and flow velocity measurements were done by electronically timing passage of salt plume down the flume. Observations showed that the natural step pool streams arranged the morphology to maximize flow resistance.

...read moreread less

9 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Energy Loss in Steep Open Channels with Step-Pools

[...]

Suresh Kumar Thappeta¹, S. Murty Bhallamudi, Venu Chandra¹, Peter Fiener, Abul Basar M. Baki - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras¹

31 Dec 2020-Water

TL;DR: In this paper, three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed for different flow rates and various geometrical parameters of step-pools in steep open channels to gain insight into the occurrence of energy loss and its dependence on the flow structure.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed for different flow rates and various geometrical parameters of step-pools in steep open channels to gain insight into the occurrence of energy loss and its dependence on the flow structure. For a given channel with step-pools, energy loss varied only marginally with increasing flow rate in the nappe and transition flow regimes, while it increased in the skimming regime. Energy loss is positively correlated with the size of the recirculation zone, velocity in the recirculation zone and the vorticity. For the same flow rate, energy loss increased by 31.6% when the horizontal face inclination increased from 2° to 10°, while it decreased by 58.6% when the vertical face inclination increased from 40° to 70°. In a channel with several step-pools, cumulative energy loss is linearly related to the number of step-pools, for nappe and transition flows. However, it is a nonlinear function for skimming flows.

...read moreread less

9 citations

Equilibrium geomorphological conditions for high gradient bed streams

[...]

A N Papanicolaou, A R Maxwell

01 Jan 2000

TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the flow conditions under which stable bedforms exist; provide the geometric characteristics of these bedforms; measure the magnitude of the streamwise velocity and energy dissipation factor; and determine the friction factor under various flow conditions and gravel sizes.

...read moreread less

Abstract: The goal of this study was to identify the flow conditions under which stable bedforms exist; provide the geometric characteristics of these bedforms; measure the magnitude of the streamwise velocity and energy dissipation factor; and determine the friction factor under various flow conditions and gravel sizes. Design criteria and recommendations for stable bedforms were provided upon the termination of this research. Stable bedforms are defined as those bedforms of which the spatial characteristics (height and spacing) do not change with time. The focus of this study was on streams with slopes greater than 3%, as clear design requirements for bed geomorphologic stability are lacking for these cases, and they are of particular interest in the design and retrofit of culverts for both anadromous and resident migratory fish passage.

...read moreread less

2 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Flow Resistance in Very Rough Channels

[...]

Aurora Reid¹•Institutions (1)

ETH Zurich¹

01 Oct 2022-Water Resources Research

TL;DR: In this paper , the authors used a double-averaging approach to estimate the width, reach, and doubleaveraged variables for steady, uniform flow in an open channel, using an empirical model for the coefficient of form drag, and a flow resistance model that compares well to a large data set of flow velocity in natural channels.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Flow resistance in open channels determines the average flow velocity in a river, with important implications for downstream and at-a-station hydraulic geometry and sediment transport in natural channels. However, flow resistance in steep mountain channels is challenging to understand and predict due to heterogeneous channel morphology and spatially variable flow. Using a double-averaging approach appropriate for very rough channels, the width, reach, and double-averaged variables for steady, uniform flow in an open channel are derived. Using an empirical model for the coefficient of form drag, a flow resistance model is derived that compares well to a large data set of flow velocity in natural channels. Several parameters that together describe bed morphology are observed to be relatively consistent in the data set used and compare well to previous estimates of their values. This implies a degree of self-organization in bed morphology that may simplify the challenging problem of predicting flow resistance in steep mountain rivers.

...read moreread less

1 citations

References

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

Comparison of bed load transport in torrents and gravel bed streams

[...]

Dieter Rickenmann

01 Dec 2001-Water Resources Research

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the performance of 19 streams with simple bed load transport equations and with measurements from flume experiments, and found that the large variation and the strong decrease in efficiency in smaller streams appears to be associated with substantial form losses for relative flow depths (defined by h/d90) smaller than ∼4-6.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Data are compiled on bed load transport and discharge in gravel bed rivers and torrents with bed slopes up to 0.17. The transport characteristics of 19 streams are compared with simple bed load transport equations and with measurements from flume experiments. In simple form the bed load transport is a function of an “effective” discharge times a bed slope factor. The efficiency of the streams in transporting bed load is defined as the deviation from the transport function. It varies over several orders of magnitude, particularly for smaller and steeper streams, whereas flume experiments and larger streams are in better agreement with the simple bed load transport relation. The large variation and the strong decrease in efficiency in smaller streams appears to be associated with substantial form losses for relative flow depths (defined by h/d90) smaller than ∼4–6.

...read moreread less

238 citations

"Review of step-pool hydrodynamics i..." refers background or result in this paper

...The reduced shear stress for the initiation of sediment movement, yr 1⁄4 RSr=ðs 1ÞD50, is supplied in the bedload transport equation, fb 1⁄4 2:5 ffiffiffiffi yr p ðyr yc;rÞFr (Rickenmann, 2001), where fb is the non-dimensional bedload transport rate, s is the specific gravity of the sediment and yc;r 1⁄4 RcSrðRcÞ=ðs 1ÞD50 is the reduced critical shear stress corresponding to the critical hydraulic radius Rc and critical unit discharge, qc 1⁄4 0:065ðs 1Þ ffiffiffi g p D 50 S ....
[...]
...The typical bedload equations overestimate the bedload volume by up to three orders of magnitude (Bathurst et al., 1987; Chiari and Rickenmann, 2011; Lenzi et al., 1999; Rickenmann, 2001, 2012; Rickenmann and Recking, 2011)....
[...]
...…stress for the initiation of sediment movement, yr ¼ RSr=ðs 1ÞD50, is supplied in the bedload transport equation, fb ¼ 2:5 ffiffiffiffi yr p ðyr yc;rÞFr (Rickenmann, 2001), where fb is the non-dimensional bedload transport rate, s is the specific gravity of the sediment and yc;r ¼ RcSrðRcÞ=ðs…...
[...]
...It is worthy to note that, although the resistance partitioning approach did not include any roughness measure, it did predict the bedload volume to an order of magnitude closer to the observed rates, by combining with the bedload equations of Rickenmann (2001)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Thinking like a fish: a key ingredient for development of effective fish passage facilities at river obstructions

[...]

J. G. Williams¹, J. G. Williams², G. Armstrong³, Christos Katopodis, M. Larinier, F. Travade⁴ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (4)

National Marine Fisheries Service¹, University of Washington², Environment Agency Wales³, Électricité de France⁴

01 May 2012-River Research and Applications

TL;DR: In this article, the development of effective fishways requires biological knowledge of fish behaviour when encountering variable flows, velocity and turbulence, combined with hydraulic and civil engineering knowledge and expertise to develop facilities that provide appropriate hydraulic conditions that fish will exploit.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Worldwide, obstructions on watercourses have interfered with migratory pathways of fish species, reducing life-cycle success and often eliminating diadromous fish species altogether from river basins. Over the last century, efforts to mitigate these effects were initially directed at developing fishways for upstream, high-value migrant adult salmon. In more recent years, efforts have turned to developing fishways for other species. Results of past research suggest that the development of effective fishways requires biological knowledge of fish behaviour when encountering variable flows, velocity and turbulence, combined with hydraulic and civil engineering knowledge and expertise to develop facilities that provide appropriate hydraulic conditions that fish will exploit. Further, it often requires substantial financial resources for biological and hydraulic testing as well as engineering design, particularly where prior knowledge of the behaviour of target fish species does not exist. Where biological or engineering knowledge (or both) is absent, development of effective passage facilities must take on a trial and error approach that will almost certainly require years to attain success. Evaluations of existing adult and juvenile fish passage facilities, where they have been carried out, suggest that migrant fish reject areas with hydraulic conditions they determine unsuitable. Even well designed fish ladders or nature-like bypass channels for upstream migrants, even those with good attraction flows, will fail if incorrectly sited. Although progress has been made, developing successful installations for downstream migrants remains much more difficult, probably because downstream fish move with the flow and have less time to assess cues at entrances to any bypasses that they encounter. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

...read moreread less

237 citations

"Review of step-pool hydrodynamics i..." refers background in this paper

...Artificial step-pools are well suited for fish passes, as the low-velocity region in the pools serves as a suitable habitat for benthic aquatic species, which confines them to different regions of the pool depending on their type and phase of growth (Roni et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2012)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Estimating Average Velocity in Gravel-Bed Rivers

[...]

Dale I. Bray¹•Institutions (1)

University of New Brunswick¹

01 Sep 1979-Journal of Hydraulic Engineering

TL;DR: In this paper, the Limerinos-Manning equation is used to estimate Manning's n and the friction factor for gravel-bed river reaches in the case of relatively high in-bank flows.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Basic data from 67 gravel-bed river reaches in Alberta, Canada, are used to test widely adopted equations for computing average velocity in natural channels for the case of relatively high in-bank flows. Relations proposed by Cowan, Strickler, and Limerinos to estimate Manning's n are tested. The equations of the form presented by Keulegan and Lacey for computing average velocity are also evaluated. Computations based on these methods indicate that the Limerinos-Manning equation is the most acceptable approach for estimating average velocity in gravel-bed river reaches. The Lacey equation provides satisfactory results if no bed material data are available. The basic data are also used to develop best-fit relationships for computing Manning's n and the friction factor for gravel-bed river reaches. Particular emphasis is placed on an evaluation of the significance of bed material data in equations used to compute average velocity in gravel-bed river reaches.

...read moreread less

223 citations

"Review of step-pool hydrodynamics i..." refers background or methods in this paper

...…using equation (2) from Keulegan (1938), by substituting ks ¼ D50 or as a suitable multiplier of D84 to allow for the presence of form roughness (Bathurst, 1985; Bray, 1979; Comiti et al., 2007; Curran and Wohl, 2003; David et al., 2011; Ferguson, 2007; Hey, 1979; Thompson and Campbell, 1979)....
[...]
...The first represents f as a power function of d/Dm, as given in equation (3a), where K and X are constants (Aberle and Smart, 2003; Bray, 1979; Griffiths, 1981)....
[...]
...…based on hydraulic geometry. f ¼ 8gRSb u2 ð1Þ Semi-logarithmic relations are adopted from the boundary layer theory and pipe flow hydraulics and they relate relative submergence with f through a semi-logarithmic relation (Bathurst, 1985; Bray, 1979; Griffiths, 1981; Hey, 1979; Keulegan, 1938)....
[...]
...Semi-logarithmic relations are adopted from the boundary layer theory and pipe flow hydraulics and they relate relative submergence with f through a semi-logarithmic relation (Bathurst, 1985; Bray, 1979; Griffiths, 1981; Hey, 1979; Keulegan, 1938)....
[...]
...S 1⁄4 Sf 0 þ Sf 00 ð16Þ The grain roughness coefficient f 0 was calculated using equation (2) from Keulegan (1938), by substituting ks 1⁄4 D50 or as a suitable multiplier of D84 to allow for the presence of form roughness (Bathurst, 1985; Bray, 1979; Comiti et al., 2007; Curran and Wohl, 2003; David et al., 2011; Ferguson, 2007; Hey, 1979; Thompson and Campbell, 1979)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Human impacts to mountain streams

[...]

Ellen Wohl¹•Institutions (1)

Colorado State University¹

30 Sep 2006-Geomorphology

TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined mountain streams as channel networks within mountainous regions of the world, and provided an overview of the relative intensity of human impacts to mountain streams by summarizing human effects on each of the major mountainous regions with respect to five categories: flow regulation, biotic integrity, water pollution, channel alteration and land use.

...read moreread less

221 citations

"Review of step-pool hydrodynamics i..." refers background in this paper

...…step-pools, large-scale roughness, turbulence, air entrainment I Introduction Mountain streams constitute a considerable part of the drainage network across the globe; they drain about 20% of the global land area and contribute about 50% of the sediments carried by rivers into oceans (Wohl, 2006)....
[...]

Book•

Hydraulic Design of Stepped Cascades, Channels, Weirs and Spillways

[...]

Hubert Chanson

01 Dec 1994

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a critical review of the risks of accidents and failures with stepped channels and demonstrate practical examples of hydraulic design, such as gabion stepped spillways, earth dam spillways with precast concrete blocks, roller compacted concrete (RCC) weirs, debris dams.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Stepped channels and spillways are used since more than 2,500 years. Recently, new construction materials (e.g. RCC, gabions) have increased the interest for stepped chutes. The steps increase significantly the rate of energy dissipation taking place along the chute and reduce the size of the required downstream energy dissipation basin. Stepped cascades are used also in water treatment plants to enhance the air-water transfer of atmospheric gases (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen) and of volatile organic components (VOC). A first part describes the historical progress of stepped channels and spillways from the Antiquity up to today. Then the monograph reviews the hydraulic characteristics of stepped channel flows. Two different flow regimes can take place : nappe flow regime for small discharges and flat channel slopes, and skimming flow regime. The hydraulics of each flow regime is described. The effects of flow aeration and air bubble entrainment are discussed. Further the process of air-water gas transfer taking place above stepped chute is described. Later practical examples of hydraulic design are presented : e.g. stepped fountains, stepped weirs, gabion stepped spillways, earth dam spillways with precast concrete blocks, roller compacted concrete (RCC) weirs, debris dams. At the end, the author presents a critical review of the risks of accidents and failures with stepped channels. It is shown that the hydrodynamic forces on the step faces are much larger than on smooth chute bottoms.

...read moreread less

219 citations

"Review of step-pool hydrodynamics i..." refers background in this paper

...In the skimming flow regime, the flow submerges the steps entirely, and the step edges act as a pseudo bottom, surfacing the recirculating eddies in the step cavities (Chanson, 1994a)....
[...]
...Research on stepped spillways reveals that localized variations in air concentration affect the velocity and force components and drag coefficients due to a decrease in friction factor (Chanson, 1994b, 1994c, 1994d, 1996)....
[...]