Review on different mechanisms of sex determination and sex-linked molecular markers in dioecious crops: a current update
TL;DR: The present review emphasizes the mode of sex determination among dioecious plants vis-a-vis summarizes the works related to gender specific markers generated using male and female plants from agriculturally important dioemious crops.
Abstract: Flowering plants are known to exhibit vast diversity of sexual systems encompassing bisexual, monoecious and dioecious conditions. Dioecy offers opportunities to explore separately the male and female programmes giving an insight to the evolutionary, developmental and molecular processes leading to separate mechanisms for sex expression. Mechanisms controlling sex can either be genetic or epigenetic (physiological and environmental). Plant hormones too influence sex expression. An active Y sex determination system and an X to autosomes ratio systems are common amongst the flowering plants. Advances in our understanding of sex determination has been addressed both by conventional as well as molecular approaches. Using conventional techniques mainly cytogenetics, sex chromosomes in some dioecious plants have been identified and characterized. Surprisingly, the presence of well defined sex chromosomes was found in only few species. Some sex linked genes have also been identified and characterized using molecular approaches but none of these genes have a direct link to sex determination. Molecular markers have been employed to resolve the enigma associated with dioecism to a certain extent. Its application in plant breeding is immensely beneficial. Positively, it would be beneficial for validation of sex prior their sex expression at larger perspectives. The present review therefore emphasizes the mode of sex determination among dioecious plants vis-a-vis summarizes the works related to gender specific markers generated using male and female plants from agriculturally important dioecious crops.
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TL;DR: The results suggest that pectin, agronomic traits, and fiber traits are unsuitable targets in breeding programs of hemp, as their large G×E interactions might lead to unexpected phenotypes in untested locations.
Abstract: Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop well-known for the great potential to produce sustainable fibers. Nevertheless, hemp fiber quality is a complex trait, and little is known about the phenotypic variability and heritability of fiber quality traits in hemp. The aim of this study is to gain insights into the variability in fiber quality within the hemp germplasm and to estimate the genetic components, environmental components, and genotype-by-environment (G×E) interactions on fiber quality traits in hemp. To investigate these parameters, a panel of 123 hemp accessions was phenotyped for 28 traits relevant to fiber quality at three locations in Europe, corresponding to climates of northern, central, and southern Europe. In general, hemp cultivated in northern latitudes showed a larger plant vigor while earlier flowering was characteristic of plants cultivated in southern latitudes. Extensive variability between accessions was observed for all traits. Most cell wall components (contents of monosaccharides derived from cellulose and hemicellulose; and lignin content), bast fiber content, and flowering traits revealed large genetic components with low G×E interactions and high broad-sense heritability values, making these traits suitable to maximize the genetic gains of fiber quality. In contrast, contents of pectin-related monosaccharides, most agronomic traits, and several fiber traits (fineness and decortication efficiency) showed low genetic components with large G×E interactions affecting the rankings across locations. These results suggest that pectin, agronomic traits, and fiber traits are unsuitable targets in breeding programs of hemp, as their large G×E interactions might lead to unexpected phenotypes in untested locations. Furthermore, all environmental effects on the 28 traits were statistically significant, suggesting a strong adaptive behavior of fiber quality in hemp to specific environments. The high variability in fiber quality observed in the hemp panel, the broad range in heritability, and adaptability among all traits prescribe positive prospects for the development of new hemp cultivars of excellent fiber quality.
35 citations
TL;DR: The morphological features of anthers, pollen production and germination in hermaphroditic flowers and in staminate inflorescences on male plants were compared and Copia-like retrotransposons within the C. sativa genome which may be associated with the expression of male or female phenotype were revealed.
Abstract: Cannabis sativa L (hemp, marijuana) produces male and female inflorescences on different plants (dioecious) and therefore the plants are obligatory out-crossers In commercial production, marijuana plants are all genetically female; male plants are destroyed as seed formation reduces flower quality Spontaneously occurring hermaphroditic inflorescences, in which pistillate flowers are accompanied by formation of anthers, leads to undesired seed formation; the mechanism for this is poorly understood We studied hermaphroditism in several marijuana strains with three objectives: (i) to compare the morphological features of this unique phenotype with normal male flowers; (ii) to assess pollen and seed viability from hermaphroditic flowers; and (iii) to assess the effect of hermaphroditism on progeny male:female (sex) ratios and on genetic variation using molecular methods The morphological features of anthers, pollen production and germination in hermaphroditic flowers and in staminate inflorescences on male plants were compared using light and scanning electron microscopy Seeds produced on hermaphroditic plants and seeds derived from cross-fertilization were germinated and seedlings were compared for gender ratios using a PCR-based assay as well as for the extent of genetic variation using six ISSR primers Nei's index of gene diversity and Shannon's Information index were compared for these two populations The morphology of anthers and pollen formation in hermaphroditic inflorescences was similar to that in staminate flowers Seedlings from hermaphroditic seeds, and anther tissues, showed a female genetic composition while seedlings derived from cross-fertilized seeds showed a 1:1 male:female sex expression ratio Uniquely, hermaphroditic inflorescences produced seeds which gave rise only to genetically female plants In PCR assays, a 540 bp size fragment was present in male and female plants, while a 390 bp band was uniquely associated with male plants Sequence analysis of these fragments revealed the presence of Copia-like retrotransposons within the C sativa genome which may be associated with the expression of male or female phenotype In ISSR analysis, the percentage of polymorphic loci ranged from 44 to 72% in hermaphroditic and cross-fertilized populations Nei's index of gene diversity and Shannon's Information index were not statistically different for both populations The extent of genetic variation after one generation of selfing in the progeny from hermaphroditic seed is similar to that in progeny from cross-fertilized seeds
30 citations
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: This chapter provides current and innovative information about date palm progress in terms of distribution, production, marketing strategy, current achievements, limitations and challenges facing date palm breeding.
Abstract: Date palm is one of the oldest cultivated plants, grown in the arid and semiarid regions of the world. The date fruit serves as a vital worldwide component of the human diet and a staple food for millions of people. Unfortunately, various abiotic and biotic stresses along with agronomic constraints are hindering date productivity. Those date cultivars adapted to stress conditions have low fruit production. Conventional breeding, depending on crosses and backcrosses, is a time-consuming process. The applied research carried out on date palm is limited, still there is enormous potential to improve date palm breeding methods. Advanced biotechnology creates unparalleled opportunities to develop new varieties with quality fruit, increased fruit yield and resistance to pests and pathogens. It also minimizes the application of potentially-harmful fungicides and pesticides and increases crop productivity. This chapter provides current and innovative information about date palm progress in terms of distribution, production, marketing strategy, current achievements, limitations and challenges facing date palm breeding. It also focuses on recent advances in tissue culture, genetic transformation and molecular breeding to improve the productivity and quality of the date.
22 citations
TL;DR: It is found that the male sex-determining region of Ginkgo contains more than 200 genes, including four MADS-box genes, demonstrating that the Gink go sex determination system is of the XY type.
Abstract: Sex differences and evolutionary differences are critical biological issues. Ginkgo is an ancient lineage of dioecious gymnosperms with special value for studying the mechanism of sex determination in plants. However, the major genetic basic underlying sex chromosomes remains to be uncovered. In this study, we identify the sex-determining region of Ginkgo and locate it to the area from megabases 48 to 75 on chromosome 2. We find that the male sex-determining region of Ginkgo contains more than 200 genes, including four MADS-box genes, demonstrating that the Ginkgo sex determination system is of the XY type. We also find that genetic sex differences result in specialized flavonoid metabolism and regulation in each sex. These findings establish a foundation for revealing the molecular mechanism of sexual dimorphism and promoting the development of the Ginkgo industry.
19 citations
TL;DR: De novo transcriptome sequencing on Illumina platform generated >45 billion high-quality bases from fresh leaves of six male and female individuals of E. ulmoides, implying a relatively high genetic diversity.
Abstract: Eucommia ulmoides is a model representative of the dioecious plants with sex differentiation at initiation. Nevertheless, the genetic mechanisms of sexual dimorphism and sex determination in E. ulmoides remain poorly understood. In this study de novo transcriptome sequencing on Illumina platform generated >45 billion high-quality bases from fresh leaves of six male and female individuals of E. ulmoides. A total of 148,595 unigenes with an average length of 801 base-pairs (bp) were assembled. Through comparative transcriptome analyses, 116 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the males and the females were detected, including 73 male-biased genes and 43 female-biased genes. Of these DEGs, three female-biased genes were annotated to be related with the sexually dimorphic gutta content in E. ulmoides. One male-biased DEG was identified as putative MADS box gene APETALA3, a B class floral organ identity gene in the flowering plants. SNPs calling analyses further confirmed that the APETALA3-like gene was probably involved in the sex determination in E. ulmoides. Four other male-biased DEGs were potential sex-associated genes as well with segregated SNPs in accord with sex type. In addition, the SNPs density was 1.02 per kilobase (kb) in the expressed genes of E. ulmoides, implying a relatively high genetic diversity.
19 citations
Cites background from "Review on different mechanisms of s..."
...In dioecious plants, sex-linked genes are generally polymorphic and segregate between genders [63,64]....
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References
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TL;DR: A new DNA polymorphism assay based on the amplification of random DNA segments with single primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequence is described, suggesting that these polymorphisms be called RAPD markers, after Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA.
Abstract: Molecular genetic maps are commonly constructed by analyzing the segregation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) among the progeny of a sexual cross. Here we describe a new DNA polymorphism assay based on the amplification of random DNA segments with single primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequence. These polymorphisms, simply detected as DNA segments which amplify from one parent but not the other, are inherited in a Mendelian fashion and can be used to construct genetic maps in a variety of species. We suggest that these polymorphisms be called RAPD markers, after Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA.
13,764 citations
"Review on different mechanisms of s..." refers methods in this paper
...Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Welsh and McClelland 1990; Williams et al. 1990), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP; Vos et al....
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...Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a PCR based DNA fingerprinting technique introduced by Welsh and McClelland (1990) and Williams et al. (1990)....
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...Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Welsh and McClelland 1990; Williams et al. 1990), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP; Vos et al. 1995) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR; Zietkiewicz et al. 1994) are frequently used PCR based DNA fingerprinting techniques that have been used…...
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TL;DR: The AFLP technique provides a novel and very powerful DNA fingerprinting technique for DNAs of any origin or complexity that allows the specific co-amplification of high numbers of restriction fragments.
Abstract: A novel DNA fingerprinting technique called AFLP is described. The AFLP technique is based on the selective PCR amplification of restriction fragments from a total digest of genomic DNA. The technique involves three steps: (i) restriction of the DNA and ligation of oligonucleotide adapters, (ii) selective amplification of sets of restriction fragments, and (iii) gel analysis of the amplified fragments. PCR amplification of restriction fragments is achieved by using the adapter and restriction site sequence as target sites for primer annealing. The selective amplification is achieved by the use of primers that extend into the restriction fragments, amplifying only those fragments in which the primer extensions match the nucleotides flanking the restriction sites. Using this method, sets of restriction fragments may be visualized by PCR without knowledge of nucleotide sequence. The method allows the specific co-amplification of high numbers of restriction fragments. The number of fragments that can be analyzed simultaneously, however, is dependent on the resolution of the detection system. Typically 50-100 restriction fragments are amplified and detected on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The AFLP technique provides a novel and very powerful DNA fingerprinting technique for DNAs of any origin or complexity.
12,960 citations
"Review on different mechanisms of s..." refers background or methods in this paper
...1990), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP; Vos et al. 1995) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR; Zietkiewicz et al....
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...Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique developed by Zabeau and Vos (1993) and introduced by Vos et al. (1995) is a very effective tool which reveal random genomic variations by means of PCR amplification....
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...…genetic and physical mapping, population genetics, phylogenetics studies, diversity analysis, marker assisted selection, etc. (Althoff et al. 2007; Despres et al. 2003; De Riek et al. 2001; Geuna et al. 2003; Lespinasse et al. 2000; Palacios et al. 1999; Vos et al. 1995; Wunsch and Hormaza 2002)....
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...…capacity for simultaneous screening of many different locus distributed randomly throughout the genome generates fingerprints of any small amount of DNA even of partially degraded samples regardless of its source and without any prior knowledge of DNA sequence (Jones et al. 2009; Vos et al. 1995)....
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...The amplified PCR products are separated and viewed on denaturing polyacrylamide gels through silver staining, autoradiography or fluorescence methodologies (Jones et al. 1997; Vos et al. 1995)....
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TL;DR: A method whereby a nucleic acid sequence can be exponentially amplified in vitro is described in the chapter, and the possibility of utilizing a heat-stable DNA polymerase is explored so as to avoid the need for addition of new enzyme after each cycle of thermal denaturation.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the specific synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in vitro through the medium of a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. A method whereby a nucleic acid sequence can be exponentially amplified in vitro is described in the chapter. The same method can be used to alter the amplified sequence or to append new sequence information to it. It is necessary that the ends of the sequence be known in sufficient detail that oligonucleotides can be synthesized, which will hybridize to them and that a small amount of the sequence be available to initiate the reaction. The oligonucleotides are complementary to different strands of the desired sequence and at relative positions along the sequence such that the DNA polymerase extension product of the one, when denatured, can serve as a template for the other and vice versa. Oligonucleotides were synthesized using an automated DNA synthesis machine (Biosearch, Inc., San Rafael, California) using phosphoramidite chemistry. “Mispriming"” can be usefully employed to make intentional in vitro mutations or to add sequence information to one or both ends of a given sequence. The chapter explores the possibility of utilizing a heat-stable DNA polymerase so as to avoid the need for addition of new enzyme after each cycle of thermal denaturation
6,055 citations
"Review on different mechanisms of s..." refers methods in this paper
...After the discovery by Mullis and Faloona (1987), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has resulted in development of several novel fingerprinting techniques (Figs....
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TL;DR: The generality of the arbitrarily primed PCR method is demonstrated by application to twenty four strains from five species of Staphylococcus, eleven strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and three varieties of Oryza sativa.
Abstract: Simple and reproducible fingerprints of complex genomes can be generated using single arbitrarily chosen primers and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No prior sequence information is required. The method, arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR), involves two cycles of low stringency amplification followed by PCR at higher stringency. We show that strains can be distinguished by comparing polymorphisms in genomic fingerprints. The generality of the method is demonstrated by application to twenty four strains from five species of Staphylococcus, eleven strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and three varieties of Oryza sativa (rice).
5,472 citations
"Review on different mechanisms of s..." refers methods in this paper
...Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Welsh and McClelland 1990; Williams et al. 1990), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP; Vos et al....
[...]
...Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is a PCR based DNA fingerprinting technique introduced by Welsh and McClelland (1990) and Williams et al. (1990)....
[...]
...Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Welsh and McClelland 1990; Williams et al. 1990), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP; Vos et al. 1995) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR; Zietkiewicz et al. 1994) are frequently used PCR based DNA fingerprinting techniques that have been used…...
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TL;DR: A method to separate and clone individual messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by means of the polymerase chain reaction using a set of oligonucleotide primers, one being anchored to the polyadenylate tail of a subset of mRNAs, the other being short and arbitrary in sequence so that it anneals at different positions relative to the first primer.
Abstract: Effective methods are needed to identify and isolate those genes that are differentially expressed in various cells or under altered conditions. This report describes a method to separate and clone individual messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by means of the polymerase chain reaction. The key element is to use a set of oligonucleotide primers, one being anchored to the polyadenylate tail of a subset of mRNAs, the other being short and arbitrary in sequence so that it anneals at different positions relative to the first primer. The mRNA subpopulations defined by these primer pairs were amplified after reverse transcription and resolved on a DNA sequencing gel. When multiple primer sets were used, reproducible patterns of amplified complementary DNA fragments were obtained that showed strong dependence on sequence specificity of either primer.
5,254 citations
"Review on different mechanisms of s..." refers methods in this paper
...Differential display (Liang and Pardee 1992) and cDNA-AFLP analysis (Bachem et al. 1996) are two RNA fingerprinting techniques which have been employed to generate sex-linked markers in Piper longum, Cannabis sativa and Trichosanthes dioica (Manoj et al. 2008; Moliterni et al. 2008; Roy et al.…...
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...Differential display (DD) analysis introduced by Liang and Pardee (1992) is a RNA typing approach based on PCR amplification of mRNA that facilitates rapid and reliable comparison as well as identification of differentially expressed gene (s) between cells during the developmental programs and…...
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