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Journal ArticleDOI

Review on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Nitrate

01 Jan 2013-Journal of Energetic Materials (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 31, Iss: 1, pp 1-26
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of additives like oxides, cations, inorganic acids, organic compounds, phase-stablized CuO, etc., on the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate is discussed.
Abstract: In this review data from the literature on thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate (AN) and the effect of additives to their thermal decomposition are summarized. The effect of additives like oxides, cations, inorganic acids, organic compounds, phase-stablized CuO, etc., is discussed. The effect of an additive mainly occurs at the exothermic peak of pure AN in a temperature range of 200°C to 140°C.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The global nitrogen cycle at the beginning of the 21st century has been shown to be strongly influenced by the inputs of reactive nitrogen (Nr) from human activities, including combustion-related NOx, industrial and agricultural N fixation, estimated to be 220 Tg N yr−1 in 2010, which is approximately equal to the sum of biological N fixation in unmanaged terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
Abstract: . The global nitrogen (N) cycle at the beginning of the 21st century has been shown to be strongly influenced by the inputs of reactive nitrogen (Nr) from human activities, including combustion-related NOx, industrial and agricultural N fixation, estimated to be 220 Tg N yr−1 in 2010, which is approximately equal to the sum of biological N fixation in unmanaged terrestrial and marine ecosystems. According to current projections, changes in climate and land use during the 21st century will increase both biological and anthropogenic fixation, bringing the total to approximately 600 Tg N yr−1 by around 2100. The fraction contributed directly by human activities is unlikely to increase substantially if increases in nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture are achieved and control measures on combustion-related emissions implemented. Some N-cycling processes emerge as particularly sensitive to climate change. One of the largest responses to climate in the processing of Nr is the emission to the atmosphere of NH3, which is estimated to increase from 65 Tg N yr−1 in 2008 to 93 Tg N yr−1 in 2100 assuming a change in global surface temperature of 5 °C in the absence of increased anthropogenic activity. With changes in emissions in response to increased demand for animal products the combined effect would be to increase NH3 emissions to 135 Tg N yr−1. Another major change is the effect of climate changes on aerosol composition and specifically the increased sublimation of NH4NO3 close to the ground to form HNO3 and NH3 in a warmer climate, which deposit more rapidly to terrestrial surfaces than aerosols. Inorganic aerosols over the polluted regions especially in Europe and North America were dominated by (NH4)2SO4 in the 1970s to 1980s, and large reductions in emissions of SO2 have removed most of the SO42− from the atmosphere in these regions. Inorganic aerosols from anthropogenic emissions are now dominated by NH4NO3, a volatile aerosol which contributes substantially to PM10 and human health effects globally as well as eutrophication and climate effects. The volatility of NH4NO3 and rapid dry deposition of the vapour phase dissociation products, HNO3 and NH3, is estimated to be reducing the transport distances, deposition footprints and inter-country exchange of Nr in these regions. There have been important policy initiatives on components of the global N cycle. These have been regional or country-based and have delivered substantial reductions of inputs of Nr to sensitive soils, waters and the atmosphere. To date there have been no attempts to develop a global strategy to regulate human inputs to the nitrogen cycle. However, considering the magnitude of global Nr use, potential future increases, and the very large leakage of Nr in many forms to soils, waters and the atmosphere, international action is required. Current legislation will not deliver the scale of reductions globally for recovery from the effects of Nr deposition on sensitive ecosystems, or a decline in N2O emissions to the global atmosphere. Such changes would require substantial improvements in nitrogen use efficiency across the global economy combined with optimization of transport and food consumption patterns. This would allow reductions in Nr use, inputs to the atmosphere and deposition to sensitive ecosystems. Such changes would offer substantial economic and environmental co-benefits which could help motivate the necessary actions.

165 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential green chemicals for use as oxidizers are highlighted and these reveal interesting physicochemical properties and performance, and the current status of ammonium perchlorate (AP) issues is discussed in light of possible substitution with potential green ingredients.

142 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The potential opportunities and challenges of expanding the role of nitrogen-based molecules in the energy sector are evaluated, outlining their use as energy carriers in relevant fields and their exploitation by suggested end-uses.
Abstract: Alternative fuels are essential to enable the transition to a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy supply. Synthetic fuels derived from renewable energies can act as energy storage media, thus mitigating the effects of fossil fuels on environment and health. Their economic viability, environmental impact, and compatibility with current infrastructure and technologies are fuel and power source specific. Nitrogen-based fuels pose one possible synthetic fuel pathway. In this review, we discuss the progress and current research on utilization of nitrogen-based fuels in power applications, covering the complete fuel cycle. We cover the production, distribution, and storage of nitrogen-based fuels. We assess much of the existing literature on the reactions involved in the ammonia to nitrogen atom pathway in nitrogen-based fuel combustion. Furthermore, we discuss nitrogen-based fuel applications ranging from combustion engines to gas turbines, as well as their exploitation by suggested end-uses. Thereby, we evaluate the potential opportunities and challenges of expanding the role of nitrogen-based molecules in the energy sector, outlining their use as energy carriers in relevant fields.

132 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of UV resonance Raman spectroscopy for standoff explosive detection has been discussed and compared with recently developed standoff methods, and it is shown that UV-based spectroscopies are the only currently viable techniques that can be utilized to sense trace amounts of explosives at standoff distances.
Abstract: Due to terrorist use of explosive devices, intense interest has been directed towards the development of techniques and instrumentation to detect explosives. A number of analytical techniques are currently under investigation for trace explosive detection. Several methods have been successfully commercialized including colorimetric kits, fluorescence quenching sensors, and ion mobility spectrometers that see widespread field use. A key limitation of all currently utilized field techniques is that they require close proximity or physical interaction with the object being analyzed. The ideal trace explosive detection technique would be able to detect trace amounts of explosives from a distance to ensure personnel safety. Laser-based spectroscopies are the only currently viable techniques that can be utilized to sense trace amounts of explosives at standoff distances. This review compares currently used explosive detection techniques with recently developed standoff methods. We emphasize the development of UV resonance Raman spectroscopy for standoff explosive detection. This work has recently been enabled by advances in laser and spectrometer design. Trace explosive detection has also been advanced by the recently developed understanding of deep UV photochemistry for several explosive molecules. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

93 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1964-Nature
TL;DR: In this article, a thermocouple is used to measure the sample temperature in a Stanton HT-D thermobalance, the bead of which is positioned in or near the sample, depending on crucible design.
Abstract: THE use of thermogravimetric data to evaluate kinetic parameters of solid-state reactions involving weight loss (or gain) has been investigated by a number of workers1–4. Freeman and Carroll2 have stated some of the advantages of this method over conventional isothermal studies. To these reasons may be added the advantage of using one single sample for investigation. However, the importance of procedural details, such as crucible geometry, heating rate, pre-history of sample, and particle size, on the parameters has yet to be fully investigated. It is also necessary to ensure accurate temperature measurement, both for precision and also to detect any departure from a linear heating rate due to endo- or exo-thermic reactions. (The effect of these may be largely eliminated by the use of small samples.) In our present work (using a Stanton HT–D thermobalance) the sample temperature is measured directly by means of a thermocouple the bead of which is positioned in or near the sample, depending on crucible design, the wires of which run down a twin-bore rise rod. The connexion between the end of the thermocouple wires on the balance arm and the terminal block is made by 0.001 in. platinum and platinum/rhodium wires5. It has been shown that these wires do not affect the performance of the balance but act merely as a subsidiary damping. From the terminal block compensated cable leads to the cold junction and a potentiometric arrangement for direct measurement of the thermocouple output.

5,770 citations

Book
19 Mar 1998
TL;DR: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology The Third Edition of the Encycled encyclopedia of chemical technology as mentioned in this paper is built on the solid foundation of the previous editions of the encyclopedia, which has been updated and updated and many new subjects have been added to reflect changes in chemical technology through the 1970s.
Abstract: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology The Third Edition of the Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology is built on the solid foundation of the previous editions All of the articles have been rewritten and updated and many new subjects have been added to reflect changes in chemical technology through the 1970s The new edition, however, will be familiar to users of the earlier editions comprehensive, authoritative, accessible, lucid The Encyclopedia remains an indispensable information source for all producers and users of chemical products and materials In the Third Edition, emphasis is given to major present-day topics of concern to all chemists, scientists, and engineers--energy, health, safety, toxicology, and new materials New subjects have been added, especially those related to polymer and plastics technology, fuels and energy, inorganic and solid-state chemistry, composite materials, coating, fermentation and enzymes, pharmaceuticals, surfactant technology, fibers and textiles New features include the use of SI units as well as English units, Chemical Abstracts Service's Registry Numbers, and complete indexing based on automated retrieval from a machine-readable composition system Once again this classic serves as an unrivaled library of information for the chemical and allied industries Some comments about Kirk-Othmer-- The First Edition "No reference library worthy of the name will be without this series It is simply a must for the chemist and chemical engineer" --Chemical and Engineering News The Second Edition "A necessity for any technical library" --Choice

3,513 citations

Book
01 Jan 1963
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defined and defined the fundamentals of solid propellant rocket propulsion systems, including propulsion system design, propulsion system parameters, and propulsion system performance analysis, as well as propulsion system testing.
Abstract: Classification definitions and fundamentals nozzle theory and thermodynamic relations flight performance chemical rocket propellant performance analysis liquid propellant rocket engine fundamentals liquid propellants thrust chambers combustion of liquid propellants turbopumps, engine design, engine controls, calibration, integration and optimization solid propellant rocket fundamentals solid propellants combustion of solid propellants solid rocket components and motor design hybrid propellant rockets thrust vector control selection of rocket propulsion systems rocket exhaust plumes electric propulsion rocket testing.

2,366 citations


"Review on Thermal Decomposition of ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Both double-base and composite (without metal) propellants are used extensively with AN or as a mixture of AN and guanidine nitrate [99] in gas generators....

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