Review—Resistive-Type Hydrogen Sensors Based on Zinc Oxide Nanostructures
04 Jan 2020-Journal of The Electrochemical Society (The Electrochemical Society)-Vol. 167, Iss: 6, pp 067528
About: This article is published in Journal of The Electrochemical Society.The article was published on 2020-01-04 and is currently open access. It has received 46 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Zinc & Hydrogen.
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TL;DR: Different types of energy-saving chemisresitive gas sensors and their application in the fields of environmental monitoring are discussed.
204 citations
Cites background from "Review—Resistive-Type Hydrogen Sens..."
...industries, indoor and outdoor air quality monitori ng, public safety, mines, and so on [8-11], As a result, numerous sensing techniques, such as the el ectrochemical [12], optical fiber [13], quartz...
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TL;DR: Graphene, transition metal chalcogenides, boron nitride, Transition metal carbides/nitrides, metal organic frameworks, and metal oxide nanosheets as 2D materials represent gas-sensing materials of the future, especially in medical devices, such as breath sensing.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of semiconductor materials used in gas sensors, their technology, design, and application. Semiconductor materials include metal oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and 2D materials. Metal oxides are most often the first choice due to their ease of fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity, and stability. Some of their disadvantages are low selectivity and high operating temperature. Conducting polymers have the advantage of a low operating temperature and can detect many organic vapors. They are flexible but affected by humidity. Carbon nanotubes are chemically and mechanically stable and are sensitive towards NO and NH3, but need dopants or modifications to sense other gases. Graphene, transition metal chalcogenides, boron nitride, transition metal carbides/nitrides, metal organic frameworks, and metal oxide nanosheets as 2D materials represent gas-sensing materials of the future, especially in medical devices, such as breath sensing. This overview covers the most used semiconducting materials in gas sensing, their synthesis methods and morphology, especially oxide nanostructures, heterostructures, and 2D materials, as well as sensor technology and design, application in advance electronic circuits and systems, and research challenges from the perspective of emerging technologies.
115 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that, along with the advantages of these materials, there are a number of disadvantages that significantly limit their use in the development of devices designed for the sensor market.
Abstract: This article discusses the main uses of 1D and 2D nanomaterials in the development of conductometric gas sensors based on metal oxides. It is shown that, along with the advantages of these materials, which can improve the parameters of gas sensors, there are a number of disadvantages that significantly limit their use in the development of devices designed for the sensor market.
70 citations
TL;DR: The discussion related to the development of the sensitivity of metal oxide semiconductors, especially ZnO, by the synthesis method or by obtaining new materials, is suitable and necessary to have an overview of the latest results in this domain.
Abstract: Surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensors are of continuous development interest to researchers due to their sensitivity, short detection time, and reliability. Among the most used materials to achieve the sensitive film of SAW sensors are metal oxide semiconductors, which are highlighted by thermal and chemical stability, by the presence on their surface of free electrons and also by the possibility of being used in different morphologies. For different types of gases, certain metal oxide semiconductors are used, and ZnO is an important representative for this category of materials in the field of sensors. Having a great potential for the development of SAW sensors, the discussion related to the development of the sensitivity of metal oxide semiconductors, especially ZnO, by the synthesis method or by obtaining new materials, is suitable and necessary to have an overview of the latest results in this domain.
34 citations
Cites background from "Review—Resistive-Type Hydrogen Sens..."
...Depending on the measurement data, gas sensors are classified into resistive sensors [6,7], surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors [8,9], chemiresistive sensors [10,11], electrochemical sensors [12,13], calorimetric sensors [14,15], thermal conductivity sensors [16,17], optical sensors [8,18], etc....
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15 Mar 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the state-of-the-art advances in resistive H2 gas sensors based on metal oxide (MOx) nanomaterials, starting from a brief introduction of resistive gas sensors.
Abstract: Hydrogen (H2) has been considered as one of the cleanest renewable energy sources. However, it is still challenging to use H2 due to its hazardous flammable and explosive properties under mild conditions in the event of leakage, and the difficulty to detect or sense it through human sensory organs because of its colorless and odorless nature. Traditional detection methods are usually complicated and the testing instruments are expensive. Thus, it is of significant importance to develop sensors for H2 detection with facile operation conditions, low costs, and excellent performance (i.e., sensitivity, selectivity, and stability). To overcome the problems and for practically detecting H2 gas, metal oxide (MOx) nanomaterials have become more crucial in such a gas sensor because of the simple preparation method, high surface area, high sensitivity, and low costs. This review will focus on the recent state-of-the-art advances in resistive H2 gas sensors based on MOx nanomaterials, starting from a brief introduction of resistive gas sensors. The following sections will focus on the synthesis of different structures and types of such MOx nanomaterials, including mono/binary/ternary/ternary or more complicated MOx nanomaterials. Meanwhile, we highlight some regulation methods such as surface or inner decoration by noble or non-noble metals to improve the performance as well as summarize and compare different structures (core–shell and heterojunction), and mechanisms in H2 sensing. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of MOx-based H2 gas sensors are proposed in detail.
21 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of recent developments in the use of ZnO nanostructures for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) applications is presented.
Abstract: This Review focuses on recent developments in the use of ZnO nanostructures for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) applications. It is shown that carefully designed and fabricated nanostructured ZnO films are advantageous for use as a DSC photoelectrode as they offer larger surface areas than bulk film material, direct electron pathways, or effective light-scattering centers, and, when combined with TiO2, produce a core–shell structure that reduces the combination rate. The limitations of ZnO-based DSCs are also discussed and several possible methods are proposed so as to expand the knowledge of ZnO to TiO2, motivating further improvement in the power-conversion efficiency of DSCs.
1,627 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the dominant electronic and chemical mechanisms that influence the performance of metal-oxide-based resistive-type gas sensors are discussed, including p-n and n-n potential barrier manipulation, n-p-n response type inversions, spillover effects, synergistic catalytic behavior, and microstructure enhancement.
Abstract: Metal oxide-based resistive-type gas sensors are solid-state devices which are widely used in a number of applications from health and safety to energy efficiency and emission control. Nanomaterials such as nanowires, nanorods, and nanoparticles have dominated the research focus in this field due to their large number of surface sites facilitating surface reactions. Previous studies have shown that incorporating two or more metal oxides to form a heterojunction interface can have drastic effects on gas sensor performance, especially the selectivity. Recently, these effects have been amplified by designing heterojunctions on the nano-scale. These designs have evolved from mixed commercial powders and bi-layer films to finely-tuned core–shell and hierarchical brush-like nanocomposites. This review details the various morphological classes currently available for nanostructured metal-oxide based heterojunctions and then presents the dominant electronic and chemical mechanisms that influence the performance of these materials as resistive-type gas sensors. Mechanisms explored include p–n and n–n potential barrier manipulation, n–p–n response type inversions, spill-over effects, synergistic catalytic behavior, and microstructure enhancement. Tables are presented summarizing these works specifically for SnO2, ZnO, TiO2, In2O3, Fe2O3, MoO3, Co3O4, and CdO-based nanocomposites. Recent developments are highlighted and likely future trends are explored.
1,392 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed study of semiconductor metal oxide (SMO) gas sensors is provided for a detailed comparison of SMO gas sensors with other gas sensors, especially for ammonia gas sensing.
Abstract: This review paper encompasses a detailed study of semiconductor metal oxide (SMO) gas sensors. It provides for a detailed comparison of SMO gas sensors with other gas sensors, especially for ammonia gas sensing. Different parameters which affect the performance (sensitivity, selectivity and stability) of SMO gas sensors are discussed here under. This paper also gives an insight about the dopant or impurity induced variations in the SMO materials used for gas sensing. It is concluded that dopants enhance the properties of SMOs for gas sensing applications by changing their microstructure and morphology, activation energy, electronic structure or band gap of the metal oxides. In some cases, dopants create defects in SMOs by generating oxygen vacancy or by forming solid solutions. These defects enhance the gas sensing properties. Different nanostructures (nanowires, nanotubes, heterojunctions), other than nanopowders have also been studied in this review. At the end, examples of SMOs are given to illustrate the potential use of different SMO materials for gas sensing.
1,296 citations
1,260 citations
TL;DR: There are an immense number of sensors reported in the literature for hydrogen detection and in this article these sensors are classified into eight different operating principles, such as measuring range, sensitivity, selectivity and response time.
Abstract: Hydrogen sensors are of increasing importance in connection with the development and expanded use of hydrogen gas as an energy carrier and as a chemical reactant. There are an immense number of sensors reported in the literature for hydrogen detection and in this work these sensors are classified into eight different operating principles. Characteristic performance parameters of these sensor types, such as measuring range, sensitivity, selectivity and response time are reviewed and the latest technology developments are reported. Testing and validation of sensor performance are described in relation to standardisation and use in potentially explosive atmospheres so as to identify the requirements on hydrogen sensors for practical applications.
1,217 citations