RF/microwaves in bio-medical applications

doi:10.1109/ICEMIC.2003.1287768

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RF/microwaves in bio-medical applications

Proceedings Article•DOI•

RF/microwaves in bio-medical applications

18 Dec 2003-pp 81-85

TL;DR: A response rate of 60% from combining microwave hyperthermia and radiotherapy compared with 30% for radiotherapy alone has been seen earlier.

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Abstract: Paper presents the heating effects of microwaves in biomedical applications Heat treatment is used in physiotherapy department to deal with pain, muscle spasm stiffness and chromic inflammation The heat may be applied by conduction through the skin or diathermy may be used One form of diathermy employs microwaves directed at the region to be treated from an antenna placed at a short distance (10 or 20 cm) from the skin The waves will pass a few centimetres into the body before they are completely absorbed and realizing heats into the tissue The used frequency is 2450 MHz at which penetration may be up to 30 mm The size of the area to be treated can be determined by the antennae design and the distance from the body A response rate of 60% from combining microwave hyperthermia and radiotherapy compared with 30% for radiotherapy alone has been seen earlier

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Journal Article•DOI•

A New Wave in Electrosurgery : A Review of Existing and Introduction to New Radio-Frequency and Microwave Therapeutic Systems

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Christopher Paul Hancock¹, Patrick Burn¹, C.I. Duff¹, Robin Sloan¹, M. White¹, J. Bishop¹, Andrew Marc Goodman¹, M. Booton¹, M.S. Chaudhry¹, Steve Morris¹, Nuwan Dharmasiri¹, B.P. Saunders¹, PD Sibbons¹, Craig Gulliford¹, P. Wall¹, Z.P. Tsiamoulos¹ - Show less +12 more•Institutions (1)

Bangor University¹

05 Feb 2015-IEEE Microwave Magazine

TL;DR: New advanced electrosurgical systems that combine the advantages associated with the use of low-frequency RF energy and high-frequency microwave energy to enhance the overall clinical effect are considered and how the frequency of operation and the design of the antenna structure can be optimized to ensure the desired tissue effects are achieved.

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Abstract: A review of experimentally and commercially available therapeutic systems that use radio-frequency (RF) and microwave energy is provided in the first part of this article. The second part considers new advanced electrosurgical systems that combine the advantages associated with the use of low-frequency RF energy and high-frequency microwave energy to enhance the overall clinical effect and discusses how the frequency of operation and the design of the antenna structure can be optimized to ensure the desired tissue effects are achieved. Consideration is also given to how the latest developments in high-frequency semiconductor power technology developed for the communications sector are enabling new microwave and millimeter-wave energy-based electrosurgical systems to be developed and commercialized at an affordable cost.

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28 citations

Cites background from "RF/microwaves in bio-medical applic..."

...[74] A. W. Guy, C.-K. Chou, and K. H. Luk, “915-MHz phased-array system for treating tumours in cylindrical structures,” IEEE Trans....
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...9 MHz [66] • breakdown of fat cells to aid the liposuction process using energy at frequencies of 2....
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...Conventional therapeutic microwave systems have used energy at frequencies from 434 MHz [1] to 9.2 GHz, mainly focused on spot frequencies of 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz, which are industrial, scientific, and medical band frequencies [28]–[31]....
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...Examples of specific applicator structures include • a coaxial structure with an 18-mm-long center radiator to support the delivery of up to 70 W at 2.45 GHz for the treatment of tumors in the urinary bladder [69] • a wide-aperture, catheter-based cardiac ablation applicator using microwave energy [70] • an antenna arrangement for myocardial tissue ablation, where a flexible catheter antenna is inserted into the body through a vein and into the heart [71] • monopole antennas with open dielectric and metal distal radiators for catheter ablation [72] • a miniature slot array antenna to create deep, thin, and linear lesions for treating atrial fibrillation and a single wire bent monopole to create large deep isolated lesions for treating ventricular tachycardia [73] • phased array antennas operating at 915 MHz for treating tumors in cylindrical structures [74] • a low-cost coaxial antenna for hyperthermia therapy tested on samples of liver, brain, lung, and kidney tissue samples [75] • a triaxial microwave antenna for liver ablation [76] • an extended tip-sliding choke antenna for inter- stitial microwave ablation of hepatic tumors [77] • small open-ended coaxial probes operating at 2.45 GHz for radiating energy into lossy media [78] • a coaxial dipole antenna arrangement for intersti- tial microwave hyperthermia [79] • small wideband (300 MHz–5.8 GHz) microstrip- based antennas, printed on an FR4 substrate with a tapered tip for ease of insertion into the body, designed for in-body ablation of liver, kidney, breast, and bone tumors [80] • a lens antenna with a fixed three-stub tuner operating at 2.45 GHz for localized hyperthermia [81]....
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...Over the last decade, low-frequency microwave electrosurgical systems have been designed and developed in academic/commercial laboratories, some of which have now been fully commercialized and are available for routine clinical use: • treatment of benign and cancerous lesions up to 4.5 cm in diameter by 5.5 cm in length using power levels of up to 180 W continuous wave (CW) from up to three antennas (in-phase or asynchronous) at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz (Covidien–Evident system, angiodynamics–Acculis MTA system, BSD Medical–Microthermx Ablation system) [32]–[34] • treatment of hyperhidrosis, where sweat glands are ablated to reduce excessive sweating to the level required to regulate body temperature using an applicator consisting of an array of four waveguide antennas delivering 30 W each at a frequency of 5.8 GHz (Miramar Labs, Inc.–MiraDry system) [35]–[37] • reshaping the cornea of the eye to correct for hyperopia or to treat keratoconus or myopia using energy at 2.45 GHz (Avedro–Keraflex KXL system) [38]–[42] • endometrial ablation using a loaded waveguide applicator operating at a frequency of 9.2 GHz to minimize or stop excessive uterine bleeding, also called menorrhagia (MicroSulis) [29], [43]–[45] • male sterilization at 6 GHz, where cylindrical waveguides (loaded with a material that has a high dielectric constant to reduce the diameter) were mounted to the distal end of a pair of surgical scissors, Kihn’s instrument [31, Sec....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A coaxial-slot antenna for invasive microwave hyperthermia therapy

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Teng Jiao, Hua Wang, Yang Zhang, Xiao Yu, Xue Huijun, Hao Lv, Xijing Jing, Hua Zhan, Jianqi Wang¹ - Show less +5 more•Institutions (1)

Fourth Military Medical University¹

19 Apr 2012-Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the thermal field of biological tissue produced by microwave radiative antenna in the frequency of 2450 MHz and obtained the distribution of thermal field and specific absorption rate (SAR) of invasive coaxial-slot antenna.

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Abstract: When the technique of invasive microwave hyperthermia is applied to cancer treating, the distribution of microwave thermal field and the effect of the therapy are determined by the type of microwave radiative antenna. The thermal field of biological tissue produced by microwave radiative antenna is investigated in this paper. The distribution of thermal field and specific absorption rate (SAR) of invasive coaxial-slot antenna in the frequency of 2450 MHz are obtained by the technique of finite element analysis. According to the experiment of heating the ex vivo pork liver by this kind of antenna, the result concordant with the theory is obtained. Therefore, it is suggested that this research could be a reference for clinical therapy and operation scheme.

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13 citations

Cites background from "RF/microwaves in bio-medical applic..."

...Therefore, the technology of invasive microwave hyperthermia therapy heat the cancer regions up to 43 degrees and simultaneously make as little damage as possible to normal tissues, finally kill the tumor cells [9]....
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A multi axial bioimplantable MEMS array bone stress sensor

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J. Fernando Alfaro

01 Jan 2007

TL;DR: In this paper, a minimally invasive MEMS sensor is designed in the Jazz 0.35 μm Bi-CMOS process, and embedded in a mock bone material, which is characterized in a material to simulate bone controlled axial and shear loads.

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Abstract: This thesis presents the initial steps in the development of a sensor to fully extract multi axial stress components in situ. A minimally invasive MEMS sensor is designed in the Jazz 0.35 μm Bi-CMOS process, and embedded in a mock bone material. Using tensile and bending tests, mechanical loads transmitted into the sensor are measured and correlated with the stiffness of the mock bone material. The specific thesis aims are: 1) to provide the theory and methodology for analysis of the design space using piezoresistive bridges sensors in a textured chip for osteoconduction; 2) to design a textured topography on the chip’s surface to enhance cell growth and conduct in-vitro experiments to assess cell attachment; 3) to extract multi-axis stress components from a bone-like material and provide a feasible design for a mm-scale chip; and, 4) to experimentally verify the design theory and approach within mock bone material for a subset of stress components. The 3 mm x 3 mm multi axial bioimplantable MEMS bone stress sensor comprises an array of piezoresistive sensor “pixels” designed to detect stress across the tissue / sensor interface with resolution to 100Pa, in 1 sec averaging. The sensors are integrated within a textured surface to accommodate bone growth. From initial research, surface topography with 30-60 μm features was found to be conducive to guiding new cell growth. In-vitro studies were conducted to assess the viability of the proposed surface topographies. After completion, finite element analysis led to sensor design for multi-axis stress components extraction within a proposed integrated MEMS fabrication process. The micro-machined sensor was characterized in a material to simulate bone controlled axial and shear loads. Tensile tests and bending tests were performed in ASTM D 638 specimens with an embedded bone sensor array. Temperature, hysteresis, and repeatability tests are presented to demonstrate the functionality of the sensor.

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6 citations

Cites background from "RF/microwaves in bio-medical applic..."

...At energy levels too low to cause body heating, magnetic fields may still produce biological effects [22, 135, 171]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Microwave Heating of Crystals with Gold Nanoparticles and Synovial Fluid under Synthetic Skin Patches

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Gabrielle L. McLemore¹, Salih Toker¹, Zainab Boone-Kukoyi¹, Hillary Ajifa¹, Carisse Lansiquot¹, Chinenye Nwawulu¹, Stanley Onyedum¹, Bridgit Kioko¹, Kadir Aslan¹ - Show less +5 more•Institutions (1)

Morgan State University¹

20 Sep 2017

TL;DR: Reduction of the size of l-alanine crystals as a model crystal for gouty tophi with the use of a monomode solid-state microwave was examined as a possible therapeutic aid.

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Abstract: Gout is a disease with elusive treatment options. Reduction of the size of l-alanine crystals as a model crystal for gouty tophi with the use of a monomode solid-state microwave was examined as a possible therapeutic aid. The effect of microwave heating on l-alanine crystals in the presence of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in solution and synovial fluid (SF) in a plastic pouch through a synthetic skin patch was investigated. In this regard, three experimental paradigms were employed: Paradigm 1 includes the effect of variable microwave power (5–10 W) and variable heating time (5–60 s) and Au NPs in water (20 nm size, volume of 10 μL) in a plastic pouch (1 × 2 cm2 in size). Paradigm 2 includes the effect of a variable volume of 20 nm Au NPs in a variable volume of SF up to 100 μL in a plastic pouch at a constant microwave power (10 W) for 30 s. Paradigm 3 includes the effect of constant microwave power (10 W) and microwave heating time (30 s), constant volume of Au NPs (100 μL), and variable size of Au NPs (...

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5 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Decrystallization of Crystals Using Gold "Nano-Bullets" and the Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Decrystallization Technique.

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Nishone Thompson¹, Zainab Boone-Kukoyi¹, Raquel Shortt¹, Carisse Lansiquot¹, Bridgit Kioko¹, Enock Bonyi¹, Salih Toker¹, Birol Ozturk¹, Kadir Aslan¹ - Show less +5 more•Institutions (1)

Morgan State University¹

18 Oct 2016-Molecules

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the MAMAD technique can be potentially used as an alternative therapeutic method for the treatment of gout by effective decrystallization of large crystals, similar in size to those that often occur in gout.

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Abstract: Gout is caused by the overproduction of uric acid and the inefficient metabolism of dietary purines in humans. Current treatments of gout, which include anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, and systemic glucocorticoids, have harmful side-effects. Our research laboratory has recently introduced an innovative approach for the decrystallization of biological and chemical crystals using the Metal-Assisted and Microwave-Accelerated Evaporative Decrystallization (MAMAD) technique. In the MAMAD technique, microwave energy is used to heat and activate gold nanoparticles that behave as “nano-bullets” to rapidly disrupt the crystal structure of biological crystals placed on planar surfaces. In this study, crystals of various sizes and compositions were studied as models for tophaceous gout at different stages (i.e., uric acid as small crystals (~10–100 μm) and l-alanine as medium (~300 μm) and large crystals (~4400 μm). Our results showed that the use of the MAMAD technique resulted in the reduction of the size and number of uric acid and l-alanine crystals up to >40% when exposed to intermittent microwave heating (up to 20 W power at 8 GHz) in the presence of 20 nm gold nanoparticles up to 120 s. This study demonstrates that the MAMAD technique can be potentially used as an alternative therapeutic method for the treatment of gout by effective decrystallization of large crystals, similar in size to those that often occur in gout.

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3 citations

References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Physical hyperthermia and cancer therapy

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J.G. Short¹, P.F. Turner•Institutions (1)

University of Utah¹

01 Jan 1980

TL;DR: Hyperthermia is effective against malignant cells not successfully attacked by ionizing radiation and also shows synergism with X-irradiation and some forms of chemotherapy making combination therapy attractive.

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Abstract: In general, malignant cells are more sensitive to heat than are normal cells in the range of 41-45°C. In addition, most clinically apparent tumors (above 1-cm diameter) have blood perfusion rates less than 1/5 that of surrounding normal tissue, meaning that they may be preferentially heated. Hyperthermic treatment may be local (tumor only), regional (e.g., a limb), or whole body. Physical techniques for hyperthermia include metabolic heat containment, conduction through the skin (e.g., hot water bath), perfusion of externally heated blood, heated intravenous fluids and anesthetic gases, ultrasound, and electro-magnetic EM coupling modalities. EM modalities include capacitive, inductive, and UHF-microwave radiative techniques, and may be invasive or noninvasive. Hyperthermia is effective against malignant cells not successfully attacked by ionizing radiation and also shows synergism with X-irradiation and some forms of chemotherapy making combination therapy attractive. Thermometric requirements vary with the treatment modality and clinical situation. Characteristics of tumors which may influence the choice of treatment are discussed. Local heating of deep-seated tumors with appropriate thermometry remains a technical challenge. Thermal dose requirements for various tumors and optimal protocols for adjuvant therapy are biological challenges.

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117 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Electromagnetic techniques for medical diagnosis: A review

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M.F. Iskander¹, C.H. Durney•Institutions (1)

University of Utah¹

01 Jan 1980

TL;DR: In this paper, potential electromagnetic methods for medical diagnosis are reviewed, including impedance plethysmography, microwave methods for lung water measurements, EM flowmeters, and microwave radiometry diagnostic techniques.

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Abstract: In this paper, potential electromagnetic (EM) methods for medical diagnosis are reviewed. These include impedance plethysmography, microwave methods for lung water measurements, EM flowmeters, and microwave radiometry diagnostic techniques. Other techniques that are in preliminary research stages, such as EM imaging and use of microwave Doppler radar to monitor arterial wall movements, are briefly discussed. The principles underlying the operation of each method are described, along with comments about adequacy for medical diagnosis. The important experimental results that identify the advantages and the limitations of each method are presented. In most cases, it is clear that while the electromagnetic diagnostic techniques are attractive and promising, much more research is still needed before these methods are ready for full clinical use. Suggestions for future development and/or possible extensions are discussed.

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73 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Breast cancer genes: how many, where and who are they?

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Mary Claire King¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Berkeley¹

01 Oct 1992-Nature Genetics

54 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The interaction of power-line electromagnetic fields with the human body

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R.W.P. King

01 Nov 1998-IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine

TL;DR: The validity of the physical principles that underlie the reasoning and conclusions in previous articles is examined and topics covered include: natural sources of exposure; exposure to 60 Hz electromagnetic fields; thermal noise; epidemiological studies; and electric and magnetic fields in houses.

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Abstract: The possible deleterious effects on human health due to exposure to the 50-60 Hz electromagnetic fields of power lines have been of concern for over 30 years. This important problem in biophysics has recently generated much activity. In the following sections of this article, the validity of the physical principles that underlie the reasoning and conclusions in previous articles is examined in the light of recent research work. Important misconceptions, errors, and omissions are pointed out. Topics covered include: natural sources of exposure; exposure to 60 Hz electromagnetic fields; thermal noise; epidemiological studies; and electric and magnetic fields in houses.

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10 citations