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Journal ArticleDOI

Rheological and chemical properties of field aged binders and their variation within the wearing course

Hilde Soenen, Xavier Carbonneau, Xiaohu Lu1, C. Robertus1, B. Tapin 
09 Nov 2021-Road Materials and Pavement Design (Informa UK Limited)-pp 1-19
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the field ageing based on recovered binders and 15 sections were considered, consisting of unmodified and polymer-modified binders (PmB).
Abstract: Field ageing is investigated based on recovered binders. Fifteen sections were considered, consisting of unmodified and polymer-modified binders (PmB). Binders were recovered from the wearing cours...
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present an exhaustive review of state of the art to establish the level of scientific development, the knowledge gaps and the aspects that are still necessary to explore more in-depth regarding the UV ageing of bituminous materials.

40 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the reactivity of individual reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ), in regards to the long-term aging (LTA) of three unmodified bitumen was investigated.
Abstract: Abstract The aging of bitumen is a major contributor to the failure of asphalt pavements. Realistic and accurate laboratory aging methods can predict bitumen durability and guarantee the use of high-quality components in asphalt pavement. However, current standardized aging methods do not incorporate atmospheric parameters, besides elevated temperatures and molecular oxygen. Crucial chemical components like reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g. nitrogen oxides (NO x ) or ozone (O 3 ), are completely neglected. This study focusses particularly on the reactivity of individual ROS, such as nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and O 3 , in regards to the long-term aging (LTA) of three unmodified bitumen. For LTA an adapted version of the Viennese Binder Aging method was used and the aged bitumen samples were analyzed with the dynamic shear rheometer and Fourier-Transform-Infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that NO as a single component does not induce significant aging, whereas NO 2 leads to severe bitumen deterioration, which is even more accelerated when a second oxygen source is present. In comparison, the reactivity of O 3 is rather mild and it did not cause additional aging for two of the investigated binders. This study provides evidence, that ROS play a crucial role in bitumen aging and should thus not be neglected when addressing realistic aging conditions in the laboratory.

9 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , an unmodified bitumen was exposed to laboratory aging with the pressure aging vessel (PAV) using one to five aging cycles and the Viennese Binder Aging (VBA) method, followed by a comparison to a field sample of the same base binder.
Abstract: To predict the performance of bituminous products during their service life, an accurate simulation of the aging behaviour is required. Several laboratory methods are available, yet the correlation to field aging is mostly missing. In this study, an unmodified bitumen was exposed to laboratory aging with the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) using one to five aging cycles and the Viennese Binder Aging (VBA) method, followed by a comparison to a field sample of the same base binder. Measurements with the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and Fourier-transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the field aging level could not be reached neither with VBA nor with multiple PAV cycles, but a better approximation compared to the standard aging procedure was achieved. The FTIR spectra displayed a high degree of correlation between the VBA and field aged sample, especially regarding carbonyl formation in the aromatic fraction and the intensity of the sulphoxide band in the resin and asphaltene fractions. Additionally, the VBA sample showed more similarities to the field sample regarding fluorescence excitation–emission maps. Although both laboratory aging methods are an improvement to the standard procedure, the VBA method allowed for a better qualitative simulation of the chemical properties of the investigated field sample.
Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2023-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper , the impact of ageing during construction and paving and after 5-years on a test field was analyzed by looking at the chemical changes within bitumen and its polarity-based fractions.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1998-Fuel
TL;DR: In this paper, the ageing properties of SBS polymer modified bitumens were evaluated using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy.

277 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings of an extensive literature review on bitumen and asphalt mixture ageing test methods are presented in the paper as discussed by the authors, where the primary factors affecting the durability of bituminous paving mixtures, assuming they are constructed correctly, are age hardening and moisture damage.
Abstract: The findings of an extensive literature review on bitumen and asphalt mixture ageing test methods are presented in the paper. The primary factors affecting the durability of bituminous paving mixtures, assuming they are constructed correctly, are age hardening and moisture damage. Ageing of the bituminous binder is manifested as an increase in its stiffness (or viscosity). Water damage is generally manifested as a loss of cohesion in the mixture and/or loss of adhesion between the bitumen and aggregate interface (stripping). Short-term ageing is primarily due to volatilisation of the bitumen within the asphalt mixture during mixing and construction, while long-term ageing is due to oxidation and some steric hardening in the field. Of the tests used to simulate short-term ageing, the extended heating procedures of the thin film oven test (TFOT) and the rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) are the most frequently used binder methods. In regard to long-term binder ageing, the oxidative pressure ageing vessel ...

273 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the alcohols, which are formed concurrently with the sulfoxides from the same hydroperoxide precursors as the ketones, have a similar effect on asphalt viscosity increase as does the ketone.
Abstract: The correlation between asphalt viscosity increase on oxidative aging and the carbonyl compounds formed (almost exclusively ketones) has been well established; however, the effect of sulfoxide formation on physical properties during age hardening has received little attention. Evidence is presented in this paper that shows that the alcohols, which are formed concurrently with the sulfoxides from the same hydroperoxide precursors as the ketones, have a similar effect on asphalt viscosity increase as does the ketones. These alcohols are the main contributors to oxidative age hardening of high sulfur asphalts. Analysis of the kinetic data for ketone and sulfoxide formation during asphalt oxidation also provides additional evidence for the validity of the dual asphalt oxidation mechanism previously reported.

266 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the mid-IR molar absorptivity for polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB) blocks was obtained for five styrene-butadienes-styrene copolymers, including linear, branched, and star copolymer, and their blends with bitumen.
Abstract: The mid-IR molar absorptivity for polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB) blocks were obtained for five styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and SB copolymers, including linear, branched, and star copolymers, and their blends with bitumen. The average absorptivity for PS and PB blocks was 277 and 69 L mol−1 cm−1 and it was little affected by the S/B ratio or the copolymer architecture. In the presence of bitumen, Beer's law was obeyed but the respective PS and PB absorptivity was 242 and 68 L mol−1 cm−1, possibly because of weak interactions between the copolymer and bitumen. The absorptivity values were used to calculate the concentration of SB-type copolymers in blends with bitumen with an accuracy of 10% or better. The method can be used to probe the stability of bitumen–copolymer blends in storage at 165°C, to determine the copolymer concentration in commercial polymer modified bitumen (PMB), and to assess the resistance of PMB to weathering. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1034–1041, 2001

175 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was carried out using an integration method which considers the area below the absorbance spectrum around a band maximum using baseline and tangential approaches.
Abstract: This RILEM round robin study with nine participating laboratories investigated bitumen ageing, its effect on chemical properties and its reproducibility. The impact of temperature used for short-term (RTFOT) binder ageing on the combined short- and long-term (PAV) aged samples was investigated; thereby the effect of reduced mixing temperature such as those relevant for warm mix asphalt technologies on long term ageing was examined. Four 70/100 penetration graded bituminous binders from different sources were selected. In addition to the standard RTFOT temperature of 163 °C, two additional temperatures, 143 and 123 °C were used. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was carried out using an integration method which considers the area below the absorbance spectrum around a band maximum using baseline and tangential approaches. A statistical investigation into the reproducibility of FTIR spectra analysis based on the accumulated data was done. To assess the reproducibility, the coefficient of variation (CV) was taken as a benchmark parameter. Carbonyl and sulfoxide indices were calculated using different baseline correction methods and tangential and baseline integration, respectively. It was shown that the tangential method was not influenced by the applied baseline correction. However, in all considered cases, the tangential method led to significantly worse reproducibility (CVs ranging from 20 to 120%) compared to the baseline method. The sulfoxide indices calculated by both methods were not affected by the baseline correction method used. Impacts of changes in the short-term ageing temperature on short- or long-term aged samples could not be found whereas differences between different binder sources could be detected. RTFOT temperature and therefore mix production temperature had a stronger impact on the formation of sulfoxide structures than for carbonyl structures. The findings from this study show the most reproducible of all considered methods when more than one laboratory is providing FTIR data.

148 citations