Risk of road accident associated with the use of drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from epidemiological studies.
TL;DR: There was a tendency for the estimated effects of drug use on accident risk to be smaller in well-controlled studies than in poorly controlled studies, and evidence of publication bias was found for some drugs.
About: This article is published in Accident Analysis & Prevention.The article was published on 2013-11-01. It has received 259 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Poison control & Odds ratio.
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01 Dec 2018
TL;DR: Despite increased cannabis use and a changing state-level policy landscape, conclusive evidence regarding the shortand long-term health effects—both harms and benefits—of cannabis use remains elusive.
Abstract: Recent years have seen a rapid rise in the medical and recreational use of cannabis: a broad term that can be used to describe the various products and chemical compounds (e.g., marijuana, cannabinoids) derived from different species of the cannabis plant. Despite increased cannabis use and a changing state-level policy landscape, conclusive evidence regarding the shortand long-term health effects—both harms and benefits—of cannabis use remains elusive.
921 citations
TL;DR: This meta-analysis provides convergent evidence that texting compromises the safety of the driver, passengers and other road users and combined efforts, including legislation, enforcement, blocking technologies, parent modeling, social media, social norms and education, will be required to prevent continued deaths and injuries.
372 citations
Cites background from "Risk of road accident associated wi..."
...…and Robbins, 2008) have conluded that texting and driving is a greater safety threat than dialing cell phone (Ranney et al., 2011), driving drunk (Elvik, 2012), smokng cannabis (Asbridge et al., 2012; Elvik, 2012), or talking on a ell phone (Caird et al., 2008; McEvoy et al., 2005; Redelmeier…...
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...…have conluded that texting and driving is a greater safety threat than dialing cell phone (Ranney et al., 2011), driving drunk (Elvik, 2012), smokng cannabis (Asbridge et al., 2012; Elvik, 2012), or talking on a ell phone (Caird et al., 2008; McEvoy et al., 2005; Redelmeier and ibshirani, 1997)....
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TL;DR: Evidence indicates that a substantial extent of the risk of adverse health outcomes from cannabis use may be reduced by informed behavioral choices among users, and evidence-based Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines serve as a population-level education and intervention tool to inform such user choices toward improved public health outcomes.
Abstract: Background. Cannabis use is common in North America, especially among young people, and is associated with a risk of various acute and chronic adverse health outcomes. Cannabis control regimes are evolving, for example toward a national legalization policy in Canada, with the aim to improve public health, and thus require evidence-based interventions. As cannabis-related health outcomes may be influenced by behaviors that are modifiable by the user, evidence-based Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines (LRCUG)—akin to similar guidelines in other health fields—offer a valuable, targeted prevention tool to improve public health outcomes.Objectives. To systematically review, update, and quality-grade evidence on behavioral factors determining adverse health outcomes from cannabis that may be modifiable by the user, and translate this evidence into revised LRCUG as a public health intervention tool based on an expert consensus process.Search methods. We used pertinent medical search terms and structured search st...
258 citations
TL;DR: Recovery of cannabis-impaired driving is associated with a statistically significant increase in motor vehicle crash risk, and the increase is of low to medium magnitude.
Abstract: AIMS: To determine whether and to what extent acute cannabis intoxication increases motor vehicle crash risk. DESIGN: Study 1 replicates two published meta-analyses, correcting for methodological shortcomings. Study 2 is an updated meta-analysis using 28 estimates from 21 observational studies. These included studies from three earlier reviews, supplemented by results from a structured search in Web of Science and Google Scholar and by the personal libraries of the research team. Risk estimates were combined using random effects models and meta-regression techniques. SETTING: Study 1 replicates the analysis of Asbridge et al., based on 9 studies from 5 countries, published 1982-2007; and Li et al., based on 9 studies from 6 countries, published 2001-10. Study 2 involves studies from 13 countries published in the period 1982-2015. PARTICIPANTS: In Study 1, total counts extracted totalled 50 877 (27 967 cases, 22 910 controls) for Asbridge et al. and 93 229 (4 236 cases and 88 993 controls) for Li et al. Study 2 used confounder-adjusted estimates where available (combined sample size of 222 511) and crude counts from the remainder (17 228 total counts), giving a combined sample count of 239 739. MEASUREMENTS: Odds-ratios were used from case-control studies and adjusted odds-ratio analogues from culpability studies. The impact of the substantial variation in confounder adjustment was explored in subsample analyses. FINDINGS: Study 1 substantially revises previous risk estimates downwards, with both the originally reported point estimates lying outside the revised confidence interval. Revised estimates were similar to those of Study 2, which found cannabis-impaired driving associated with a statistically significant risk increase of low-to-moderate magnitude (random effects model odds ratio 1.36 (1.15-1.61), meta-regression odds ratio 1.22 (1.1-1.36)). Subsample analyses found higher odds-ratio estimates for case control studies, low study quality, limited control of confounders, medium quality use data, and not controlling for alcohol intoxication. CONCLUSIONS: Acute cannabis intoxication is associated with a statistically significant increase in motor vehicle crash risk. The increase is of low to medium magnitude. Remaining selection effects in the studies used may limit causal interpretation of the pooled estimates. Language: en
228 citations
Cites background from "Risk of road accident associated wi..."
...Study quality was assessed in terms of four criteria [25]: 1 The quality of the information regarding the use of cannabis while driving; 2 Specification of crash severity; 3 Control for potential confounding factors; and 4 Test of the presence of a dose–response pattern in the relationship between the dose taken of cannabis and the increase in crash risk....
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...and the cannabis-related studies included in a broader overview of studies on crashes and drugs [25]....
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...In Table 1 Quantitative assessment of study quality (from [25])....
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...The earlier reviews considered nine [5], nine [6] and 42 [25] estimates relating to cannabis and traffic crashes....
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TL;DR: The empirical results of the present study have important policy implications on the reduction of fatigue-related crashes as well as the severity of accidents associated with these factors.
207 citations
References
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27 Apr 200910,518 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a rank-based data augmentation technique is proposed for estimating the number of missing studies that might exist in a meta-analysis and the effect that these studies might have had on its outcome.
Abstract: We study recently developed nonparametric methods for estimating the number of missing studies that might exist in a meta-analysis and the effect that these studies might have had on its outcome. These are simple rank-based data augmentation techniques, which formalize the use of funnel plots. We show that they provide effective and relatively powerful tests for evaluating the existence of such publication bias. After adjusting for missing studies, we find that the point estimate of the overall effect size is approximately correct and coverage of the effect size confidence intervals is substantially improved, in many cases recovering the nominal confidence levels entirely. We illustrate the trim and fill method on existing meta-analyses of studies in clinical trials and psychometrics.
9,163 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated standard error, precision (inverse of standard error), variance, inverse of variance, sample size and log sample size (vertical axis) and log odds ratio, log risk ratio and risk difference (horizontal axis).
2,661 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple rank-based data augmentation technique, formalizing the use of funnel plots, was developed to estimate and adjust for the numbers and outcomes of missing studies.
Abstract: Meta-analysis collects and synthesizes results from individual studies to estimate an overall effect size. If published studies are chosen, say through a literature review, then an inherent selection bias may arise, because, for example, studies may tend to be published more readily if they are statistically significant, or deemed to be more “interesting” in terms of the impact of their outcomes. We develop a simple rank-based data augmentation technique, formalizing the use of funnel plots, to estimate and adjust for the numbers and outcomes of missing studies. Several nonparametric estimators are proposed for the number of missing studies, and their properties are developed analytically and through simulations. We apply the method to simulated and epidemiological datasets and show that it is both effective and consistent with other criteria in the literature.
2,409 citations
01 Jan 1994
939 citations