Road transport and CO2 emissions: What are the challenges?
TL;DR: The Paris Agreement as discussed by the authors has virtually solved the first problem and paved the way for countries to implement environmental taxes and subsidies in order to change the relative costs of clean alternatives, which would solve the second problem.
About: This article is published in Transport Policy.The article was published on 2017-10-01 and is currently open access. It has received 198 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Subsidy.
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TL;DR: The role of noble metals-based catalysts (such as Rh and Ru) and the transition metals containing Ni-species supported on zeolites in CO2 conversion to (HC) fuels is discussed in this paper.
Abstract: Meeting the ever-increasing global energy demands is one of the serious challenges of the 21st century. It is estimated that about 80% of the global energy demand is supplied by the fossil fuels which in turn promote global warming upon their consumption and cause harmful effects on the environment. One of the major causes of global warming is the excessive accumulation of CO2 into the atmosphere. An important way for mitigating the excessive amount of CO2 is to transform it into the hydrocarbons (HC) fuels. In this article, we have addressed various issues aroused by CO2 emission and their possible solutions. Various routes for CO2 upgrading into HC fuels are comprehensively elaborated. Furthermore, we have focused on the heterogeneous catalysis for CO2 conversion to value-added HC fuels by utilizing zeolite and non-zeolite based catalysts. The role of noble metals-based catalysts (such as Rh and Ru) and the transition metals containing Ni-species supported on zeolites in CO2 conversion to (HC) fuels is discussed. In addition, the role of Fe- and MOFs based non-zeolite based catalysts for the generation of HC fuels via the CO2 hydrogenation is also discussed. Finally, this review article highlights the prospective areas for research and technology advances. In brief, this review is focused on zeolite and non-zeolite based catalytic route for CO2 to HC fuel and reflects its importance for both the industries and academia.
126 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative assessment matrix termed "Strategic materials Weighting And Value Evaluation" (SWAVE) is proposed and used to compare the strategic importance and value of various materials in EoL batteries.
Abstract: With the widespread adoption of e-mobility, there are high numbers of lithium Ion batteries (LIB) entering the waste stream. It is imperative that disposal and recycling strategies are developed and implemented. There is an urgent need for safe, environmentally friendly and economically affordable disposal routes for End of Life (EoL) LIBs. This study has looked at 44 commercial recyclers and assessed their recycling and reclamation processes. A novel qualitative assessment matrix termed “Strategic materials Weighting And Value Evaluation" (SWAVE) is proposed and used to compare the strategic importance and value of various materials in EoL LIBs. The sustainability and quality of recycled material are assessed by comparing the final form or composition after the recycling processes, the industrial processes and the industry type (primary sector, manufacturer or recycler). SWAVE is applied to each company, producing a score out of 20, with a higher number indicating that more materials can be recycled. The separation processes and resources from six of the prominent recycling companies are discussed further. The majority of recyclers use one or more of mechanical treatment, pyrometallurgy, or hydrometallurgy, concentrating upon high value metal extraction rather than closed-loop recycling of the metals or component materials, highlighting an environmental and technological gap. To improve the current circular economy of batteries reuse and repurposing of materials (closed-loop recycling), instead of purely recycling or recovery of metals should be considered for further development. Further studies of environmental trade-offs from recycling or recovering one material in preference to another is required.
118 citations
Cites background from "Road transport and CO2 emissions: W..."
...Therefore, the decarbonisation of the transport sector is necessary to achieve a global 2 ◦C average temperature target (Santos, 2017), and electrification of the transport sector is a promising path to de-carbonization of the mobility sector and reduction of airborne emissions in densely populated…...
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25 Mar 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of the status of the light-duty-EV market and current projections for future adoption; insights on market opportunities beyond light duty EVs; cost and performance evolution for batteries, power electronics, and electric machines that are key components of EV success.
Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) are experiencing a rise in popularity over the past few years as the technology has matured and costs have declined, and support for clean transportation has promoted awareness, increased charging opportunities, and facilitated EV adoption. Suitably, a vast body of literature has been produced exploring various facets of EVs and their role in transportation and energy systems. This paper provides a timely and comprehensive review of scientific studies looking at various aspects of EVs, including: (a) an overview of the status of the light-duty-EV market and current projections for future adoption; (b) insights on market opportunities beyond light-duty EVs; (c) a review of cost and performance evolution for batteries, power electronics, and electric machines that are key components of EV success; (d) charging-infrastructure status with a focus on modeling and studies that are used to project charging-infrastructure requirements and the economics of public charging; (e) an overview of the impact of EV charging on power systems at multiple scales, ranging from bulk power systems to distribution networks; (f) insights into life-cycle cost and emissions studies focusing on EVs; and (g) future expectations and synergies between EVs and other emerging trends and technologies. The goal of this paper is to provide readers with a snapshot of the current state of the art and help navigate this vast literature by comparing studies critically and comprehensively and synthesizing general insights. This detailed review paints a positive picture for the future of EVs for on-road transportation, and the authors remain hopeful that remaining technology, regulatory, societal, behavioral, and business-model barriers can be addressed over time to support a transition toward cleaner, more efficient, and affordable transportation solutions for all.
117 citations
Cites background from "Road transport and CO2 emissions: W..."
...…greater changes in the energy supply to reduce emissions and petroleum dependency (e.g. large-scale use of bioenergy, often coupled to carbon capture and sequestration) rather than demand-side transformations (IPCC 2014, Pietzcker et al 2014, Creutzig et al 2015, Muratori et al 2017, Santos 2017)....
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TL;DR: Substantial evidence is found that CO2 emission increases with transport energy consumption and decreases with urbanization, whereas regulatory quality and FDI significantly reduce carbon emission in the region.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic review was performed of the electronic databases Google Scholar and Web of Science for the years 2010-2020 for the prospects of electric vehicles in developing countries, which revealed that electric four-wheelers are not a feasible option due to their high purchase price.
Abstract: Electric mobility offers a low cost of travel along with energy and harmful emissions savings. Nevertheless, a comprehensive literature review is missing for the prospects of electric vehicles in developing countries. Such an overview would be instrumental for policymakers to understand the barriers and opportunities related to different types of electric vehicles (EVs). Considering the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review was performed of the electronic databases Google Scholar and Web of Science for the years 2010–2020. The electric four-wheelers, hybrid electric vehicles and electric two-wheeler constituted the electric vehicles searched in the databases. Initially, 35 studies identified in the Web of Science that matched the criteria were studied. Later, 105 other relevant reports and articles related to barriers and opportunities were found by using Google Scholar and studied. Results reveal that electric four-wheelers are not a feasible option in developing countries due to their high purchase price. On the contrary, electric two-wheelers may be beneficial as they come with a lower purchase price.
89 citations
Cites background from "Road transport and CO2 emissions: W..."
...The technology to control these harmful emissions is mature and has an advantage due to the economies of scale [110]....
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References
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Journal Article•
2,441 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive probabilistic analysis aimed at quantifying GHG emission budgets for the 2000–50 period that would limit warming throughout the twenty-first century to below 2 °C, based on a combination of published distributions of climate system properties and observational constraints is provided.
Abstract: More than 100 countries have adopted a global warming limit of 2 degrees C or below (relative to pre-industrial levels) as a guiding principle for mitigation efforts to reduce climate change risks, impacts and damages. However, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions corresponding to a specified maximum warming are poorly known owing to uncertainties in the carbon cycle and the climate response. Here we provide a comprehensive probabilistic analysis aimed at quantifying GHG emission budgets for the 2000-50 period that would limit warming throughout the twenty-first century to below 2 degrees C, based on a combination of published distributions of climate system properties and observational constraints. We show that, for the chosen class of emission scenarios, both cumulative emissions up to 2050 and emission levels in 2050 are robust indicators of the probability that twenty-first century warming will not exceed 2 degrees C relative to pre-industrial temperatures. Limiting cumulative CO(2) emissions over 2000-50 to 1,000 Gt CO(2) yields a 25% probability of warming exceeding 2 degrees C-and a limit of 1,440 Gt CO(2) yields a 50% probability-given a representative estimate of the distribution of climate system properties. As known 2000-06 CO(2) emissions were approximately 234 Gt CO(2), less than half the proven economically recoverable oil, gas and coal reserves can still be emitted up to 2050 to achieve such a goal. Recent G8 Communiques envisage halved global GHG emissions by 2050, for which we estimate a 12-45% probability of exceeding 2 degrees C-assuming 1990 as emission base year and a range of published climate sensitivity distributions. Emissions levels in 2020 are a less robust indicator, but for the scenarios considered, the probability of exceeding 2 degrees C rises to 53-87% if global GHG emissions are still more than 25% above 2000 levels in 2020.
2,432 citations
"Road transport and CO2 emissions: W..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The world has proven reserves of coal, oil and natural gas that if burnt, would result in emitting 2795 GtCO2, which is five times the safe amount that can be emitted (Carbon Tracker Initiative, 2011) to have an 80% probability of not exceeding the 2 C threshold (Meinshausen et al., 2009, p. 1161)....
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...11 Carbon Capture and Storage technology would only extend the budget to 2050 by 125 GtCO2, after applying the International Energy Agency's idealized investment scenario (Carbon Tracker Initiative, 2013, p. 4). potential impact on emission reductions but the initial reaction of the nations that have ratified does not point towards them leaving the Agreement as a result....
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...To stay within 2 C the carbon budget from 2000 to 2049 was 886 GtCO2 (Meinshausen et al., 2009, p. 1161), but by 2011 321 GtCO2 of the budget had already been used so there are only 565 GtCO2 left to go until 2049 (Carbon Tracker Initiative, 2011)....
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ETH Zurich1, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency3, Wageningen University and Research Centre4, World Resources Institute5, University of Cape Town6, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro7, Graz University of Technology8, University of Melbourne9, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research10
TL;DR: Substantial enhancement or over-delivery on current INDCs by additional national, sub-national and non-state actions is required to maintain a reasonable chance of meeting the target of keeping warming well below 2 degrees Celsius.
Abstract: The Paris climate agreement aims at holding global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius and to "pursue efforts" to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. To accomplish this, countries have submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) outlining their post-2020 climate action. Here we assess the effect of current INDCs on reducing aggregate greenhouse gas emissions, its implications for achieving the temperature objective of the Paris climate agreement, and potential options for overachievement. The INDCs collectively lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to where current policies stand, but still imply a median warming of 2.6-3.1 degrees Celsius by 2100. More can be achieved, because the agreement stipulates that targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are strengthened over time, both in ambition and scope. Substantial enhancement or over-delivery on current INDCs by additional national, sub-national and non-state actions is required to maintain a reasonable chance of meeting the target of keeping warming well below 2 degrees Celsius.
2,333 citations
30 Oct 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the evidence on the economic impacts of climate change itself, and explore the economics of stabilizing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, concluding that the benefits of strong, early action on climate change considerably outweigh the costs.
Abstract: The Review's executive summary states that "the Review first examines the evidence on the economic impacts of climate change itself, and explores the economics of stabilizing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The second half of the Review considers the complex policy challenges involved in managing the transition to a low-carbon economy and in ensuring that societies can adapt to the consequences of climate change that can no longer be avoided".
The report's main conclusion is that the benefits of strong, early action on climate change considerably outweigh the costs.
1,472 citations
TL;DR: There are discernible differences in climate impacts between 1.5 °C and 2 °C of warming as discussed by the authors, and the extent of countries' near-term mitigation ambition will determine the success of the Paris Agreement's temperature goal.
Abstract: There are discernible differences in climate impacts between 1.5 °C and 2 °C of warming. The extent of countries' near-term mitigation ambition will determine the success of the Paris Agreement's temperature goal.
510 citations