Robust image watermarking in the spatial domain
TL;DR: A copyright protection method that is based on hiding an ‘invisible’ signal, known as digital watermark, in the image is presented and a variation that generates image dependent watermarks as well as a method to handle geometrical distortions are presented.
About: This article is published in Signal Processing.The article was published on 1998-05-01. It has received 542 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Watermark & Digital watermarking.
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24 Oct 2001
TL;DR: Digital Watermarking covers the crucial research findings in the field and explains the principles underlying digital watermarking technologies, describes the requirements that have given rise to them, and discusses the diverse ends to which these technologies are being applied.
Abstract: Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to copyright protection. It provides a solution to illegal copying of digital material and has many other useful applications such as broadcast monitoring and the recording of electronic transactions. Now, for the first time, there is a book that focuses exclusively on this exciting technology. Digital Watermarking covers the crucial research findings in the field: it explains the principles underlying digital watermarking technologies, describes the requirements that have given rise to them, and discusses the diverse ends to which these technologies are being applied. As a result, additional groundwork is laid for future developments in this field, helping the reader understand and anticipate new approaches and applications.
2,849 citations
01 Jul 1999
TL;DR: An overview of the information-hiding techniques field is given, of what the authors know, what works, what does not, and what are the interesting topics for research.
Abstract: Information-hiding techniques have recently become important in a number of application areas. Digital audio, video, and pictures are increasingly furnished with distinguishing but imperceptible marks, which may contain a hidden copyright notice or serial number or even help to prevent unauthorized copying directly. Military communications systems make increasing use of traffic security techniques which, rather than merely concealing the content of a message using encryption, seek to conceal its sender, its receiver, or its very existence. Similar techniques are used in some mobile phone systems and schemes proposed for digital elections. Criminals try to use whatever traffic security properties are provided intentionally or otherwise in the available communications systems, and police forces try to restrict their use. However, many of the techniques proposed in this young and rapidly evolving field can trace their history back to antiquity, and many of them are surprisingly easy to circumvent. In this article, we try to give an overview of the field, of what we know, what works, what does not, and what are the interesting topics for research.
2,561 citations
TL;DR: A new and efficient steganographic method for embedding secret messages into a gray-valued cover image that provides an easy way to produce a more imperceptible result than those yielded by simple least-significant-bit replacement methods.
1,078 citations
Cites background from "Robust image watermarking in the sp..."
...The main purposes of image watermarking include copyright protection (Podilchuk and Zeng, 1998; Nikolaidis and Pitas, 1998; Koch and Zhao, 1995; Cox et al., 1997; Podilchuk and Delp, 2001) and authentication (Yeung and Mintzer, 1997; Fridrich, 1998)....
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TL;DR: A novel watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition (SVD) is proposed and results show that the newwatermarking method performs well in both security and robustness.
Abstract: Digital watermarking has been proposed as a solution to the problem of copyright protection of multimedia documents in networked environments. There are two important issues that watermarking algorithms need to address. First, watermarking schemes are required to provide trustworthy evidence for protecting rightful ownership. Second, good watermarking schemes should satisfy the requirement of robustness and resist distortions due to common image manipulations (such as filtering, compression, etc.). In this paper, we propose a novel watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition (SVD). Analysis and experimental results show that the new watermarking method performs well in both security and robustness.
978 citations
Cites background from "Robust image watermarking in the sp..."
...3. Robustness [9,10, 11 ,12]: given a watermarked document, an unauthorized party should not be...
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01 Jul 1999
TL;DR: Digital watermarking techniques are described, known as perceptually based watermarks, that are designed to exploit aspects of the the human visual system in order to provide a transparent (invisible), yet robust watermark.
Abstract: The growth of new imaging technologies has created a need for techniques that can be used for copyright protection of digital images and video. One approach for copyright protection is to introduce an invisible signal, known as a digital watermark, into an image or video sequence. In this paper, we describe digital watermarking techniques, known as perceptually based watermarks, that are designed to exploit aspects of the the human visual system in order to provide a transparent (invisible), yet robust watermark. In the most general sense, any watermarking technique that attempts to incorporate an invisible mark into an image is perceptually based. However, in order to provide transparency and robustness to attack, two conflicting requirements from a signal processing perspective, more sophisticated use of perceptual information in the watermarking process is required. We describe watermarking techniques ranging from simple schemes which incorporate common-sense rules in using perceptual information in the watermarking process, to more elaborate schemes which adapt to local image characteristics based on more formal perceptual models. This review is not meant to be exhaustive; its aim is to provide the reader with an understanding of how the techniques have been evolving as the requirements and applications become better defined.
668 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1965
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the concept of a Random Variable, the meaning of Probability, and the axioms of probability in terms of Markov Chains and Queueing Theory.
Abstract: Part 1 Probability and Random Variables 1 The Meaning of Probability 2 The Axioms of Probability 3 Repeated Trials 4 The Concept of a Random Variable 5 Functions of One Random Variable 6 Two Random Variables 7 Sequences of Random Variables 8 Statistics Part 2 Stochastic Processes 9 General Concepts 10 Random Walk and Other Applications 11 Spectral Representation 12 Spectral Estimation 13 Mean Square Estimation 14 Entropy 15 Markov Chains 16 Markov Processes and Queueing Theory
13,886 citations
6,899 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations and common geometric transformations provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image.
Abstract: This paper presents a secure (tamper-resistant) algorithm for watermarking images, and a methodology for digital watermarking that may be generalized to audio, video, and multimedia data. We advocate that a watermark should be constructed as an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random vector that is imperceptibly inserted in a spread-spectrum-like fashion into the perceptually most significant spectral components of the data. We argue that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations (such as lossy compression, filtering, digital-analog and analog-digital conversion, requantization, etc.), and common geometric transformations (such as cropping, scaling, translation, and rotation) provided that the original image is available and that it can be successfully registered against the transformed watermarked image. In these cases, the watermark detector unambiguously identifies the owner. Further, the use of Gaussian noise, ensures strong resilience to multiple-document, or collusional, attacks. Experimental results are provided to support these claims, along with an exposition of pending open problems.
6,194 citations
"Robust image watermarking in the sp..." refers background in this paper
...It is obvious that the subsampled watermark pattern S@ contains P@ pixels of value 1 and P@ pixels of value 0, where P@" 1 2A N 2 ] M 2 B. (20) It can be proved that when calculating the differ- ence wN @ for the subsampled image we shall have: cN @"aN @# 1 8 k# 4 8 3k 4 # 3 8 k 2 "aN @# 11 16 k,…...
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...Keywords: Copyright protection; Watermarking; Steganography...
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TL;DR: The Baseline method has been by far the most widely implemented JPEG method to date, and is sufficient in its own right for a large number of applications.
Abstract: For the past few years, a joint ISO/CCITT committee known as JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) has been working to establish the first international compression standard for continuous-tone still images, both grayscale and color. JPEG’s proposed standard aims to be generic, to support a wide variety of applications for continuous-tone images. To meet the differing needs of many applications, the JPEG standard includes two basic compression methods, each with various modes of operation. A DCT-based method is specified for “lossy’’ compression, and a predictive method for “lossless’’ compression. JPEG features a simple lossy technique known as the Baseline method, a subset of the other DCT-based modes of operation. The Baseline method has been by far the most widely implemented JPEG method to date, and is sufficient in its own right for a large number of applications. This article provides an overview of the JPEG standard, and focuses in detail on the Baseline method.
3,944 citations
"Robust image watermarking in the sp..." refers background in this paper
...However, such an approach reduces the amount of pixels used for parameter estimation....
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TL;DR: The author provides an overview of the JPEG standard, and focuses in detail on the Baseline method, which has been by far the most widely implemented JPEG method to date, and is sufficient in its own right for a large number of applications.
Abstract: A joint ISO/CCITT committee known as JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) has been working to establish the first international compression standard for continuous-tone still images, both grayscale and color. JPEG's proposed standard aims to be generic, to support a wide variety of applications for continuous-tone images. To meet the differing needs of many applications, the JPEG standard includes two basic compression methods, each with various modes of operation. A DCT (discrete cosine transform)-based method is specified for 'lossy' compression, and a predictive method for 'lossless' compression. JPEG features a simple lossy technique known as the Baseline method, a subset of the other DCT-based modes of operation. The Baseline method has been by far the most widely implemented JPEG method to date, and is sufficient in its own right for a large number of applications. The author provides an overview of the JPEG standard, and focuses in detail on the Baseline method. >
3,425 citations