Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Frank W. Booth,Christian K. Roberts,John P. Thyfault,Gregory N. Ruegsegger,Ryan G. Toedebusch +4 more
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TLDR
It is proposed that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in which exercise would be dangerous.Abstract:
This review proposes that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in which exercise would be dangerous. Underlying the notion are human twin studies and animal selective breeding studies, both of which provide indirect evidence for the existence of genes for physical inactivity. Approximately 86% of the 325 million in the United States (U.S.) population achieve less than the U.S. Government and World Health Organization guidelines for daily physical activity for health. Although underappreciated, physical inactivity is an actual contributing cause to at least 35 unhealthy conditions, including the majority of the 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. First, we introduce nine physical inactivity-related themes. Next, characteristics and models of physical inactivity are presented. Following next are individual examples of phenotypes, organ systems, and diseases that are impacted by physical inactivity, including behavior, central nervous system, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolism, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, bone, immunity, digestion, and cancer. Importantly, physical inactivity, itself, often plays an independent role as a direct cause of speeding the losses of cardiovascular and strength fitness, shortening of healthspan, and lowering of the age for the onset of the first chronic disease, which in turn decreases quality of life, increases health care costs, and accelerates mortality risk.read more
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A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another?
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Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors
Carmen Fiuza-Luces,Alejandro Santos-Lozano,Michael J. Joyner,Pedro Carrera-Bastos,Oscar Picazo,José L. Zugaza,José L. Zugaza,Mikel Izquierdo,Luis M. Ruilope,Alejandro Lucia +9 more
TL;DR: It is argued that a holistic view of all body systems is necessary and useful when analysing the role of exercise in cardiovascular health and the benefits of regular exercise extend beyond its effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Physical activity and muscle-brain crosstalk.
TL;DR: Evidence is described that supports the existence of a muscle–brain endocrine loop, in which muscle-induced peripheral factors enable direct crosstalk between muscle and brain function, as well as implicated in mediating the exercise-induced beneficial impact on neurogenesis, cognitive function, appetite and metabolism.
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Impact of sedentarism due to the COVID-19 home confinement on neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic health: Physiological and pathophysiological implications and recommendations for physical and nutritional countermeasures.
Marco Narici,Giuseppe De Vito,Martino V. Franchi,Antonio Paoli,Tatiana Moro,Giuseppe Marcolin,Bruno Grassi,Giovanni Baldassarre,Lucrezia Zuccarelli,Gianni Biolo,Filippo Giorgio Di Girolamo,Nicola Fiotti,Flemming Dela,Paul L. Greenhaff,Constantinos N. Maganaris +14 more
TL;DR: Low to medium-intensity high volume resistive exercise, easily implementable in home-settings, will have positive effects, particularly if combined with a 15–25% reduction in daily energy intake, which seems ideal for preserving neuromuscular, metabolic and cardiovascular health.
Journal ArticleDOI
International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines
Mikel Izquierdo,Mikel Izquierdo,Mikel Izquierdo,Reshma A. Merchant,John E. Morley,Stefan D. Anker,Ivan Aprahamian,Hidenori Arai,Mylène Aubertin-Leheudre,Roberto Bernabei,Eduardo Lusa Cadore,M. Cesari,Lizhu Chen,P. de Souto Barreto,Gustavo Duque,Luigi Ferrucci,Roger A. Fielding,Antonio García-Hermoso,Antonio García-Hermoso,Luis Miguel Gutiérrez-Robledo,Stephen D. R. Harridge,Ben Kirk,S. B. Kritchevsky,Francesco Landi,Norman R. Lazarus,Finbarr C. Martin,Emanuele Marzetti,Marco Pahor,Robinson Ramírez-Vélez,Robinson Ramírez-Vélez,Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas,Yves Rolland,Jorge G. Ruiz,Olga Theou,Dennis T. Villareal,Debra L. Waters,C. Won Won,Jean Woo,Bruno Vellas,M. Fiatarone Singh +39 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide evidence-based rationale for using exercise and physical activity (PA) for health promotion and disease prevention and treatment in older adults, and discuss the specific modalities and doses that have been studied in randomised controlled trials for their effectiveness in attenuating physiological changes of ageing, disease prevention, and/or improvement of older adults with chronic disease and disability.
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TL;DR: Objective and subjective measures of physical activity give qualitatively similar results regarding gender and age patterns of activity, however, adherence to physical activity recommendations according to accelerometer-measured activity is substantially lower than according to self-report.