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Book ChapterDOI

Role of SERK During Somatic Embryogenesis and Its Interaction with Brassinosteroids

TL;DR: The present review encompasses the role of SERK in inducing somatic embryogenesis and its interaction with BR during BR signaling.
Abstract: Plants possess a unique property called cellular totipotency which is a series of complex molecular and biochemical steps to produce a complete normal plant. Somatic embryogenesis, the most reliable and useful tool for in vitro plant propagation, uses this property of totipotency to regenerate a whole plant from competent somatic cells in the presence of endogenous or exogenous signals. Development of embryo from somatic cells is regulated by the differential expression pattern of a myriad of genes among which the most important regulator is somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase (SERK) gene. Phytohormones like brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in directing the plant cells to undergo restructuring program for differentiation, development, and organogenesis. Along with this, BR has been known to elicit a stress response mechanism in plants. SERK, a known LRR-RLK member, can form heterodimer complex with the main BR receptor, brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1), to induce BR-dependent signaling pathway. The present review encompasses the role of SERK in inducing somatic embryogenesis and its interaction with BR during BR signaling.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article reviews various genes/orthologs isolated from different plants and presents the need of high throughput, innovative techniques, and sensitive instruments in unraveling the mystery of SE.

44 citations


Cites background from "Role of SERK During Somatic Embryog..."

  • ...In certain cases, the embryogenic competence is often preceded by cell division, and induced embryogenic determined cells (IEDC) are formed by dedifferentiation of differentiated cells which lead to embryogenic development [141, 148]....

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  • ...Modified and courtesy: [141] Gulzar et al....

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Journal ArticleDOI
24 Mar 2022-Cells
TL;DR: In this article , a comparison between uninfected and onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV)-infected onion bulbs highlighted an altered dormancy in the virus-infected plants, causing several symptoms, such as leaf striping, growth reduction, early bulb sprouting and rooting, as well as lower abscisic acid (ABA) level at the start of dormancy.
Abstract: Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important bulb crop grown worldwide. Dormancy in bulbous plants is an important physiological state mainly regulated by a complex gene network that determines a stop of vegetative growth during unfavorable seasons. Limited knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that regulate dormancy in onion were available until now. Here, a comparison between uninfected and onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV)-infected onion bulbs highlighted an altered dormancy in the virus-infected plants, causing several symptoms, such as leaf striping, growth reduction, early bulb sprouting and rooting, as well as a lower abscisic acid (ABA) level at the start of dormancy. Furthermore, by comparing three dormancy stages, almost five thousand four hundred (5390) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in uninfected bulbs, while the number of DEGs was significantly reduced (1322) in OYDV-infected bulbs. Genes involved in cell wall modification, proteolysis, and hormone signaling, such as ABA, gibberellins (GAs), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and brassinosteroids (BRs), that have already been reported as key dormancy-related pathways, were the most enriched ones in the healthy plants. Interestingly, several transcription factors (TFs) were up-regulated in the uninfected bulbs, among them three genes belonging to the WRKY family, for the first time characterized in onion, were identified during dormancy release. The involvement of specific WRKY genes in breaking dormancy in onion was confirmed by GO enrichment and network analysis, highlighting a correlation between AcWRKY32 and genes driving plant development, cell wall modification, and division via gibberellin and auxin homeostasis, two key processes in dormancy release. Overall, we present, for the first time, a detailed molecular analysis of the dormancy process, a description of the WRKY-TF family in onion, providing a better understanding of the role played by AcWRKY32 in the bulb dormancy release. The TF co-expressed genes may represent targets for controlling the early sprouting in onion, laying the foundations for novel breeding programs to improve shelf life and reduce postharvest.

4 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: Important elements such as genotype, herbaceous/woody plants' response in culture in inducing embryos have been discussed, and some of the current progress and developments have been presented in this chapter.

4 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
27 Jun 2017-Helia
TL;DR: Somatic embryogenesis in vitro provides an efficient means of plant multiplication, facilitating sunflower improvement and germplasm innovation and Regenerated plants acclimated successfully and displayed similar morphological and chromosome number to the amphiploid donors.
Abstract: Abstract Somatic embryogenesis in vitro provides an efficient means of plant multiplication, facilitating sunflower improvement and germplasm innovation. In the present study, using interspecific amphiploids (2n=4x=68) between cultivated sunflower and wild perennial Helianthus species as explant donors, somatic embryos were induced directly from the surface of corolla tubes at the late uninucleate or binucleate microspore development stage. Primary somatic embryos (PSEs) were obtained in amphiploids G08/2280 (H. pumilus×P21) and G08/2260 (NMSHA89×H. maximiliani). The PSE induction frequency of G08/2280 on synthesized Medium A and B was 30.27 % and 42.42 %, respectively, while that of G08/2260 was 5.89 % and 12.16 %, respectively. The difference of PSE induction frequency was significant between G08/2280 and G08/2260 (P=0.0058), but was non-significant between induction Medium A and B (P=0.1997). Secondary somatic embryos (SSEs) were rapidly produced from PSEs on subculture Medium 1 with the induction frequency of 100 %. The mean number of SSEs produced from each PSE was 19.2 and 12.2 in G08/2280 and G08/2260 within 30 d of subculture, respectively. Mature SSEs were gradually converted into young shoots on hormone-free subculture Medium 2, with the mean number of small green shoots produced from each PSE of 22.0 and 18.7 in G08/2280 and G08/2260, respectively. Through the additional process of rooting for some shoots without roots on half-strength of MS medium adding 0.25–0.5 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg–1.0/l IBA, SE-derived shoots without roots gained about 40 % rooting frequency. Regenerated plants acclimated successfully and displayed similar morphological and chromosome number to the amphiploid donors.

4 citations


Cites background from "Role of SERK During Somatic Embryog..."

  • ...Somatic embryogenesis is complex and controlled by a variety of external and internal factors, with the development of embryos from somatic cells regulated by the differential expression pattern of a myriad of genes (Talapatra et al., 2015)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
26 Jul 2007-Nature
TL;DR: BAK1 is shown to have a functional role in PRR-dependent signalling, which initiates innate immunity, and evidence is provided that FLS2 and BAK1 form a complex in vivo, in a specific ligand-dependent manner, within the first minutes of stimulation with flagellin.
Abstract: Plants sense potential microbial invaders by using pattern-recognition receptors to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In Arabidopsis thaliana, the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases flagellin-sensitive 2 (FLS2) (ref. 2) and elongation factor Tu receptor (EFR) (ref. 3) act as pattern-recognition receptors for the bacterial PAMPs flagellin and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) (ref. 5) and contribute to resistance against bacterial pathogens. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that link receptor activation to intracellular signal transduction. Here we show that BAK1 (BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1), a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase that has been reported to regulate the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 (refs 6,7), is involved in signalling by FLS2 and EFR. Plants carrying bak1 mutations show normal flagellin binding but abnormal early and late flagellin-triggered responses, indicating that BAK1 acts as a positive regulator in signalling. The bak1-mutant plants also show a reduction in early, but not late, EF-Tu-triggered responses. The decrease in responses to PAMPs is not due to reduced sensitivity to brassinosteroids. We provide evidence that FLS2 and BAK1 form a complex in vivo, in a specific ligand-dependent manner, within the first minutes of stimulation with flagellin. Thus, BAK1 is not only associated with developmental regulation through the plant hormone receptor BRI1 (refs 6,7), but also has a functional role in PRR-dependent signalling, which initiates innate immunity.

1,659 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 Jul 2002-Cell
TL;DR: Results indicate BAK1 is a component of BR signaling, and Expression of a dominant-negative mutant allele of B AK1 causes a severe dwarf phenotype, resembling the phenotype of null bri1 alleles.

1,275 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 Jul 2002-Cell
TL;DR: It is proposed that BAK1 and BRI1 function together to mediate plant steroid signaling.

1,071 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Serk3/BAK1 appears to integrate diverse perception events into downstream PAMP responses, leading to immunity against a range of invading microbes.
Abstract: In pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), plant cell surface receptors sense potential microbial pathogens by recognizing elicitors called PAMPs. Although diverse PAMPs trigger PTI through distinct receptors, the resulting intracellular responses overlap extensively. Despite this, a common component(s) linking signal perception with transduction remains unknown. In this study, we identify SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK)3/brassinosteroid-associated kinase (BAK)1, a receptor-like kinase previously implicated in hormone signaling, as a component of plant PTI. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AtSERK3/BAK1 rapidly enters an elicitor-dependent complex with FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), the receptor for the bacterial PAMP flagellin and its peptide derivative flg22. In the absence of AtSERK3/BAK1, early flg22-dependent responses are greatly reduced in both A. thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, N. benthamiana Serk3/Bak1 is required for full responses to unrelated PAMPs and, importantly, for restriction of bacterial and oomycete infections. Thus, SERK3/BAK1 appears to integrate diverse perception events into downstream PAMP responses, leading to immunity against a range of invading microbes.

1,032 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The abundance and diversity of CaCA genes throughout all branches of life indicates the importance of this class of cation transporter, and that many transporters with novel functions are waiting to be discovered.
Abstract: Cation transport is a critical process in all organisms and is essential for mineral nutrition, ion stress tolerance, and signal transduction. Transporters that are members of the Ca(2+)/cation antiporter (CaCA) superfamily are involved in the transport of Ca(2+) and/or other cations using the counter exchange of another ion such as H(+) or Na(+). The CaCA superfamily has been previously divided into five transporter families: the YRBG, Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), Na(+)/Ca(2+), K(+) exchanger (NCKX), H(+)/cation exchanger (CAX), and cation/Ca(2+) exchanger (CCX) families, which include the well-characterized NCX and CAX transporters. To examine the evolution of CaCA transporters within higher plants and the green plant lineage, CaCA genes were identified from the genomes of sequenced flowering plants, a bryophyte, lycophyte, and freshwater and marine algae, and compared with those from non-plant species. We found evidence of the expansion and increased diversity of flowering plant genes within the CAX and CCX families. Genes related to the NCX family are present in land plant though they encode distinct MHX homologs which probably have an altered transport function. In contrast, the NCX and NCKX genes which are absent in land plants have been retained in many species of algae, especially the marine algae, indicating that these organisms may share "animal-like" characteristics of Ca(2+) homeostasis and signaling. A group of genes encoding novel CAX-like proteins containing an EF-hand domain were identified from plants and selected algae but appeared to be lacking in any other species. Lack of functional data for most of the CaCA proteins make it impossible to reliably predict substrate specificity and function for many of the groups or individual proteins. The abundance and diversity of CaCA genes throughout all branches of life indicates the importance of this class of cation transporter, and that many transporters with novel functions are waiting to be discovered.

915 citations