Roles of bovine viral diarrhea virus envelope glycoproteins in inducing autophagy in MDBK cells.
TL;DR: Findings suggest that the viral envelope glycoproteins E(rns) and E2 are involved in inducing autophagy, and provide a mechanistic insight into the regulation of autophagic activity in viral infected cells.
About: This article is published in Microbial Pathogenesis.The article was published on 2014-11-01. It has received 9 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Viral entry & Viral envelope.
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TL;DR: The analyses revealed that major aspects of pestivirus biology show significant similarity to the biology of human hepatitis C virus (HCV), and helped to shed light on the molecular basis of persistent infection.
Abstract: Pestiviruses are among the economically most important pathogens of livestock. The biology of these viruses is characterized by unique and interesting features that are both crucial for their success as pathogens and challenging from a scientific point of view. Elucidation of these features at the molecular level has made striking progress during recent years. The analyses revealed that major aspects of pestivirus biology show significant similarity to the biology of human hepatitis C virus (HCV). The detailed molecular analyses conducted for pestiviruses and HCV supported and complemented each other during the last three decades resulting in elucidation of the functions of viral proteins and RNA elements in replication and virus-host interaction. For pestiviruses, the analyses also helped to shed light on the molecular basis of persistent infection, a special strategy these viruses have evolved to be maintained within their host population. The results of these investigations are summarized in this chapter.
181 citations
TL;DR: Variations in amino acids and antigenic structures, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, and RNase activity can ultimately affect the virulence of pestiviruses in animals.
Abstract: Pestiviruses, which include economically important animal pathogens such as bovine viral diarrhea virus and classical swine fever virus, possess three envelope glycoproteins, namely Erns, E1, and E2. This article discusses the structures and functions of these glycoproteins and their effects on viral pathogenicity in cells in culture and in animal hosts. E2 is the most important structural protein as it interacts with cell surface receptors that determine cell tropism and induces neutralizing antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. All three glycoproteins are involved in virus attachment and entry into target cells. E1-E2 heterodimers are essential for viral entry and infectivity. Erns is unique because it possesses intrinsic ribonuclease (RNase) activity that can inhibit the production of type I interferons and assist in the development of persistent infections. These glycoproteins are localized to the virion surface; however, variations in amino acids and antigenic structures, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, and RNase activity can ultimately affect the virulence of pestiviruses in animals. Along with mutations that are driven by selection pressure, antigenic differences in glycoproteins influence the efficacy of vaccines and determine the appropriateness of the vaccines that are currently being used in the field.
39 citations
TL;DR: The present study is the first to provide insights into the biological connection of lncRNAs and BVDV, which can be further explored for the development of antiviral prevention strategies and in understanding persistent infection between viral and host components.
21 citations
TL;DR: This study revealed that both cp and ncp strains of BVDV induced autophagy at similar level and usedAutophagy machinery for their replication.
16 citations
TL;DR: It is found thatNS4B alone could induce autophagosomes, suggesting a novel and important function of NS4B in BVDV replication, and investigates the effect of BVDv non-structural proteins on the induction of autophagy.
Abstract: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen in cattle that causes economic losses in livestock industries. Autophagy is an essential cell system for the maintenance of homeostasis and is induced by various triggers, including infection by viruses. BVDV infection leads to autophagy in order to enhance its replication in cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of BVDV non-structural proteins on the induction of autophagosomes. We found that NS4B alone could induce autophagosomes, suggesting a novel and important function of NS4B in BVDV replication.
8 citations
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TL;DR: The 2-Delta Delta C(T) method as mentioned in this paper was proposed to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments, and it has been shown to be useful in the analysis of realtime, quantitative PCR data.
139,407 citations
17,196 citations
TL;DR: In this review, the process of autophagy is summarized, and the role of autophileagy is discussed in a process-based manner.
Abstract: Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to the lysosome. Despite its simplicity, recent progress has demonstrated that autophagy plays a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles, which are sometimes complex. Autophagy consists of several sequential steps--sequestration, transport to lysosomes, degradation, and utilization of degradation products--and each step may exert different function. In this review, the process of autophagy is summarized, and the role of autophagy is discussed in a process-based manner.
3,527 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that autophagic pathways can overcome the trafficking block imposed by M. tuberculosis, which is a hormonally, developmentally, and immunologically regulated process, represents an underapp appreciated innate defense mechanism for control of intracellular pathogens.
2,108 citations
TL;DR: In 2000, it was suggested to me that “Autophagy will be the wave of the future; it will become the new apoptosis,” and this statement turned out to be prophetic, and this process of 'self-eating' rapidly exploded as a research field, as scientists discovered connections to cancer, neurodegeneration and even lifespan extension.
Abstract: In 2000, it was suggested to me that "Autophagy will be the wave of the future; it will become the new apoptosis." Few people would have agreed at the time, but this statement turned out to be prophetic, and this process of 'self-eating' rapidly exploded as a research field, as scientists discovered connections to cancer, neurodegeneration and even lifespan extension. Amazingly, the molecular breakthroughs in autophagy have taken place during only the past decade.
1,827 citations