Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks
16 May 2014-International Journal of Computer Applications (Foundation of Computer Science (FCS))-Vol. 94, Iss: 6, pp 15-20
TL;DR: This paper presents a review of some major work in area of flat and data centric routing technique and hierarchical routing technique for WSNs and compares the characteristics and performance issues of different routing protocols.
Abstract: Wireless sensor network is a self configured network being composed of a large number of sensors. Due to the fact that sensors in the wireless sensor network are powered with battery and it is difficult to replace and/or recharge their batteries, energy efficient routing is the major concern in the field of wireless sensor network to enhance the lifetime of the network. Consequently, Numbers of routing techniques have been proposed for wireless sensor network to make longer life time and low energy consumption. Mainly these are sorted into three categories such as Flat and data centric routing, Hierarchical routing, Location based routing. This paper presents a review of some major work in area of flat and data centric routing technique and hierarchical routing technique for WSNs. This article also compares the characteristics and performance issues of different routing protocols. General Terms Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks
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Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: Three hardware platforms that addresses the needs of wireless sensor netwoks are presented that produces Operating system concepts for refining concurrency mechanisms and the full realization of the general architecture is represented.
Abstract: The Wireless sensor network play a vital role in collecting a Real – Time data, monitoring environmental conditions based on technology adoption. These sensor network is the combination of sensing, computation, and communication through a single tiny device. Here many tiny nodes assemble and configure themselves. It also controls actuators that extend control from cyberspace into the physical world. Here the sensor nodes communicate with the local peers rather than the high – power control tower or base station. Instead, of relying on a predeployed infrastructure, each individual sensor or actuator become part of the overall infrastructure. Here we have three hardware platforms that addresses the needs of wireless sensor netwoks. The operating system here uses an event based execution to support concurrency. The platform serves as a baseline and does not contain any hardware accelerators. . First platform serves as a baseline and it produces Operating system concepts for refining concurrency mechanisms. The second node validates the architectural designs and improve the communicational rates. The third node represents the full realization of the general architecture. Keywords— node, platform, concurrency.
371 citations
TL;DR: A support system for detecting falls of an elder person by the combination of a wearable wireless sensor node based on an accelerometer and a static wireless non-intrusive sensory infrastructure based on heterogeneous sensor nodes is presented.
Abstract: Accidental falls of our elderly, and physical injuries resulting, represent a major health and economic problem. Falls are the most common cause of serious injuries and are a major health threat in the stratum of older population. Early detection of a fall is a key factor when trying to provide adequate care to elderly person who has suffered an accident at home. Therefore, the detection of falls in the elderly remains a major challenge in the field of public health. Specific actions aimed at the fall detection can provide urgent care which allows, on the other hand, drastically reduce the cost of medical care, and improve primary care service. In this paper, we present a support system for detecting falls of an elder person by the combination of a wearable wireless sensor node based on an accelerometer and a static wireless non-intrusive sensory infrastructure based on heterogeneous sensor nodes. This previous infrastructure called DIA (Dispositivo Inteligente de Alarma, in Spanish) is an AAL (Ambient Assisted Living) system that allows to infer a potential fall. This inference is reinforced for prompt attention by a specific sensorisation at portable node sensor in order to help distinguish between falls and daily activities of assisted person. The wearable node will not determine a falling situation, it will advice the reasoner layer about specific acceleration patterns that could, eventually, imply a falling. Is at the higher layer where the falling is determined from the whole context produced by mesh of fixed nodes. Experimental results have shown that the proposed system obtains high reliability and sensitivity in the detection of the fall.
58 citations
Cites methods from "Routing Techniques in Wireless Sens..."
...Our multi-hop protocol is a full featured multi-hop, ad hoc, mesh networking protocol driven for events (Al-Karaki & Kamal, 2004; Li, Thai, & Wu, 2008; Sagduyu & Ephremides, 2004)....
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TL;DR: An improved Artificial Bee Colony (iABC) metaheuristic with an improved solution search equation is presented to improve its exploitation capabilities and an energy efficient clustering protocol BeeCluster based on iABC metaheuristics is introduced, which inherits the capabilities of the proposed meta heuristic to obtain optimal cluster heads (CHs) and improves energy-efficiency in WSNs.
50 citations
TL;DR: The result of the simulation which has been done in MATLAB simulator indicates that Stable Election Protocol based on fuzzy logic is more energy efficient and improves the lifetime and throughput of the network by 73.2 and 68.54 % respectively comparing with the existing SEP protocol.
Abstract: In this paper a new protocol using fuzzy logic control has been proposed. The protocol is based on Stable Election Protocol (SEP). Fuzzy logic control based on three variables, distance of nodes form base station, density of nodes and the battery level of nodes along with the traditional threshold values used in SEP are used to enhance the process of cluster head election in the existing SEP protocol and improve the lifetime and throughput of the Wireless Sensor Network. The result of the simulation which has been done in MATLAB simulator indicates that Stable Election Protocol based on fuzzy logic is more energy efficient and improves the lifetime and throughput of the network by 73.2 and 68.54 % respectively comparing with the existing SEP protocol.
47 citations
Cites background from "Routing Techniques in Wireless Sens..."
...LEACH [7], TEEN [8], and PEGASIS [9] are some of well-known hierarchical routing protocol....
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TL;DR: A novel Multi-objective Load Balancing Clustering (MLBC) technique is proposed by utilizing Multi Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and evaluated in terms of energy efficiency, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, data accuracy and number of active nodes.
38 citations
References
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04 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) as mentioned in this paper is a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network.
Abstract: Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have significant impact on the overall energy dissipation of these networks. Based on our findings that the conventional protocols of direct transmission, minimum-transmission-energy, multi-hop routing, and static clustering may not be optimal for sensor networks, we propose LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized coordination to enable scalability and robustness for dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the base station. Simulations show the LEACH can achieve as much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy dissipation compared with conventional outing protocols. In addition, LEACH is able to distribute energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors, doubling the useful system lifetime for the networks we simulated.
12,497 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster based station (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network, is proposed.
Abstract: Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. In this paper, we look at communication protocols, which can have signicant impact on the overall energy dissipation of these networks. Based on our ndings that the conventional protocols of direct transmission, minimum-transmission-energy, multihop routing, and static clustering may not be optimal for sensor networks, we propose LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-heads) to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized coordination to enable scalability and robustness for dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of information that must be transmitted to the base station. Simulations show that LEACH can achieve as much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy dissipation compared with conventional routing protocols. In addition, LEACH is able to distribute energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors, doubling the useful system lifetime for the networks we simulated.
11,412 citations
"Routing Techniques in Wireless Sens..." refers background in this paper
...Consequently CHs consume more energy than non-CHs, due to this fact LEACH permits rotation of CH status to balance the energy consumption among sensors [19]....
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TL;DR: This work develops and analyzes low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), a protocol architecture for microsensor networks that combines the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and media access together with application-specific data aggregation to achieve good performance in terms of system lifetime, latency, and application-perceived quality.
Abstract: Networking together hundreds or thousands of cheap microsensor nodes allows users to accurately monitor a remote environment by intelligently combining the data from the individual nodes. These networks require robust wireless communication protocols that are energy efficient and provide low latency. We develop and analyze low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), a protocol architecture for microsensor networks that combines the ideas of energy-efficient cluster-based routing and media access together with application-specific data aggregation to achieve good performance in terms of system lifetime, latency, and application-perceived quality. LEACH includes a new, distributed cluster formation technique that enables self-organization of large numbers of nodes, algorithms for adapting clusters and rotating cluster head positions to evenly distribute the energy load among all the nodes, and techniques to enable distributed signal processing to save communication resources. Our results show that LEACH can improve system lifetime by an order of magnitude compared with general-purpose multihop approaches.
10,296 citations
Additional excerpts
...Some of these are LEACH-C [20], LEACH-F [21], LEACH-B [22], LEACH-E [23], A-LEACH [24], S-LEACH [25] and LEACH-H [26]....
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TL;DR: This survey presents a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of a survey on sensor networks, and gives an overview of several new applications and then reviews the literature on various aspects of WSNs.
5,626 citations
09 Mar 2002
TL;DR: PEGASIS (power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems), a near optimal chain-based protocol that is an improvement over LEACH, is proposed, where each node communicates only with a close neighbor and takes turns transmitting to the base station, thus reducing the amount of energy spent per round.
Abstract: Sensor webs consisting of nodes with limited battery power and wireless communications are deployed to collect useful information from the field. Gathering sensed information in an energy efficient manner is critical to operate the sensor network for a long period of time. In W. Heinzelman et al. (Proc. Hawaii Conf. on System Sci., 2000), a data collection problem is defined where, in a round of communication, each sensor node has a packet to be sent to the distant base station. If each node transmits its sensed data directly to the base station then it will deplete its power quickly. The LEACH protocol presented by W. Heinzelman et al. is an elegant solution where clusters are formed to fuse data before transmitting to the base station. By randomizing the cluster heads chosen to transmit to the base station, LEACH achieves a factor of 8 improvement compared to direct transmissions, as measured in terms of when nodes die. In this paper, we propose PEGASIS (power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems), a near optimal chain-based protocol that is an improvement over LEACH. In PEGASIS, each node communicates only with a close neighbor and takes turns transmitting to the base station, thus reducing the amount of energy spent per round. Simulation results show that PEGASIS performs better than LEACH by about 100 to 300% when 1%, 20%, 50%, and 100% of nodes die for different network sizes and topologies.
3,731 citations