Row arrangements of maize and soybean intercrop on silage quality and grain yield.
15 Jan 2019-The Journal of Agricultural Science (Canadian Center of Science and Education)-Vol. 11, Iss: 2, pp 286-300
TL;DR: In conclusion, alternating four maize rows with four soybean rows was the optimum row ratio in maize + soybean intercrop, though this needs to be further confirmed by more trials.
Abstract: The success of maize + soybean intercrop depends on the plant arrangement. An experiment was carried out to evaluate different row arrangements on intercrop forage yield, silage quality and maize grain yield in relation to maize as a sole crop. The experiment was set up with a randomized complete block design with eight row arrangements between maize and Soybean. Maize biomass yield among crop arrangements were similar, although, lower than the maize sole crop. On the other hand, these treatments showed higher soybean biomass yield, which in turn increased silage crude protein and crude protein yield per unit area. Maize thousand grain weight, grain yield per plant and per area was affected by the intercrop arrangements. The use of two corn rows + two soybean rows (2M+2S-30 cm) and four corn rows + four soybean rows (4M+4S-30 cm) showed higher crude protein yield per area associated with similar maize grain yield in relation to the sole maize crop. In conclusion, alternating four maize rows with four soybean rows was the optimum row ratio in maize + soybean intercrop, though this needs to be further confirmed by more trials.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this paper, the carbon footprint of ten pathways was estimated, comprising promising feedstocks, such as soybean, palm, sugarcane, residual residues, forestry residues, used cooking oil, beef tallow, and steel off-gases.
Abstract: Although the potential of Alternative Jet Fuels (AJF) to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions has been widely reported upon in the literature, there are still discrepancies among the results. These may be due to the different GHG accounting methods, including those used by different Low-Carbon Policies (LCPs). To have a clearer understanding of the life cycle performance of AJF, the carbon footprint of ten pathways was estimated, comprising promising feedstocks – such as soybean, palm, sugarcane, sugarcane residues, forestry residues, used cooking oil, beef tallow, and steel off-gases – and ASTM-approved technologies: Hydroprocessed Fatty Acids, Alcohol-to-Jet, and Fischer-Tropsch. Six methodological approaches were used: the attributional and the consequential life cycle assessment, as well as guidelines for the four LCPs: Renovabio (Brazil), CORSIA (aviation sector), RFS (United States), and RED II (Europe). Soybean-based pathway (24 to 98.7 gCO2e/MJ) had the low to no potential for reducing GHG when compared to their fossil counterparts, mainly due to land use change. Of all food-based pathways, AJF produced from sugarcane performed the best (-10.4 to 43.7 gCO2e/MJ), especially when power surplus was credited. AJF from palm oil could present significant GHG reduction for palm expansion in degraded pasturelands. By contrast, Fischer-Tropsch of lignocellulosic residues showed the highest potential for reducing GHG (-95% to -130%). Different from food-based pathways, the potential GHG reduction of residues-based pathways converged within a narrower range (-130% to -50%), except when residual feedstocks have to be redirected from their current economic use. It could lead to GHG emissions higher than fossil fuel.
14 citations
Cites methods from "Row arrangements of maize and soybe..."
...…the Soy/HEFA pathway were dealt with by system expansion, as recommended for effect-oriented or change-oriented analysis, like the CLCA approach (Bernstad Saraiva et al., 2017; de Rosa et al., 2017; Ekvall and Weidema, 2004; Hamelin et al., 2011; Prapaspongsa et al., 2017; Rehl et al., 2012;…...
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper , a two-year field experiment was conducted with the following conditions: three maize-soybean strip intercropping patterns, comprising two maize rows along with two, three, or four soybean rows (2M2S, 2M3S, and 2M4S, respectively); and two sole cropping patterns of maize (SM) and soybean (SS).
Abstract: Intercropping improves land-use efficiency under conditions of limited land and resources, but no information is currently available pertaining to land-use efficiency and silage quality based on whole-plant utilization. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted with the following conditions: three maize–soybean strip intercropping patterns, comprising two maize rows along with two, three, or four soybean rows (2M2S, 2M3S, and 2M4S, respectively); and two sole cropping patterns of maize (SM) and soybean (SS). The aim was to evaluate the biomass yield and silage quality under each condition. Our results showed that all SIPs had a land equivalent ratio (LER) of over 1.6 based on both fresh and dry matter yield, and a higher whole plant yield, compared to sole cropping. Specifically, 2M3S exhibited the highest whole crop dry matter LER (1.8–1.9) and yield (24.6–27.2 t ha−1) compared to SM and SS (20.88–21.49 and 3.48–4.79 t ha−1, respectively). Maize–soybean mixed silages also showed better fermentation quality with higher lactic acid content (1–3%) and lower ammonia-N content (2–8%) compared to SS silages, and higher crude protein content (1–1.5%) with lower ammonia-N content (1–2%) compared to SM silage. Among the intercropping patterns, 2M3S had the highest fermentation quality index V-score (92–95). Consequently, maize–soybean strip intercropping improved silage quality and biomass yield, with 2M3S being recommended, due to its highest LER and biomass yield, and most optimal silage quality.
6 citations
4 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the agronomic aspects of intercropped corn + soybean, fermentative and bromatological profile of the intercropping silage, in function of the plant spatial arrangement, and types of fertilization.
Abstract: The corn and soybean intercropping can increase the quality of the silage and result in higher animal productivity. This research aimed to evaluate the agronomic aspects of intercropped corn + soybean, fermentative and bromatological profile of the intercropping silage, in function of the plant spatial arrangement, and types of fertilization. Two tests were performed; test 1: being in simple arrangement (a corn line alternated with a soybean line); test (2) in double arrangement (two corn lines alternated with a soybean line). The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 2x2 + 1 factorial scheme, with four replications. The first factor was constituted of two sowing fertilization modalities in the line: only in corn, and in total area; the second factor, were the seeding fertilization types: 100 and 70 kg ha-1 P2O5 and K2O, respectively (Dose 1) and 150 and 95 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and K2O, respectively (Dose 2). The additional treatment corresponded to corn monoculture. After harvesting, the material was ensiled for 60 days. There was no statistical difference in the yield of silage between treatments, only increases in the production of soybean pods and in the quality of the silage in the higher doses of fertilization. The results show that the soybean addition in corn silage causes greater losses during the fermentation process, but in contrast increases the protein and ether extract contents and digestibility. Pointing out that a roughage with these characteristics may supply protein supplementation in ruminant diets.
4 citations
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: O Brasil apesar de ser o terceiro maior produtor de milho, ainda possui uma média de produtividade classificada como baixa (3.352 kg ha), quando comparada with os dados da China (4.933 kg ha) and Estados Unidos (8.672 kg ha).
Abstract: Introdução O Brasil apesar de ser o terceiro maior produtor de milho (Zea mays L.), ainda possui uma média de produtividade classificada como baixa (3.352 kg ha), quando comparada com os dados da China (4.933 kg ha) e Estados Unidos (8.672 kg ha) (DUARTE, 2002). Em pesquisas recentes, têm-se constatado um expressivo incremento na produtividade de grãos na cultura do milho (HORBE et al., 2013). Porém, um fato visto na prática é que as produtividades ainda são baixas e irregulares e acredita-se, que a fertilidade do solo esteja relacionada como um dos principais fatores responsáveis na baixa produção de grãos e forragem (COELHO; FRANÇA, 2009). Os baixos níveis de nutrientes presentes no solo ou a utilização inadequada de adubação e calagem são alguns dos parâmetros que podem estar veiculados à essa baixa produtividade. Contudo, surge a necessidade de avaliar a eficiência de fertilizantes fosfatados em diferentes formas, no sentido de proporcionar maior desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura. Uma outra grande importância, é a utilização de micronutrientes, em que a existência de resultados experimentais vem demostrando a grande variabilidade de resposta à sua
3 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a geographical information system to identify Koppen's climate types based on monthly temperature and rainfall data from 2,950 weather stations in Brazil, and the results are presented as maps, graphs, diagrams and tables, allowing users to interpret the occurrence of climate types in Brazil.
Abstract: Koppen's climate classification remains the most widely used system by geographical and climatological societies across the world, with well recognized simple rules and climate symbol letters. In Brazil, climatology has been studied for more than 140 years, and among the many proposed methods Koppen 0 s system remains as the most utilized. Considering Koppen's climate classification importance for Brazil (geography, biology, ecology, meteorology, hydrology, agronomy, forestry and environmental sciences), we developed a geographical information system to identify Koppen's climate types based on monthly temperature and rainfall data from 2,950 weather stations. Temperature maps were spatially described using multivariate equations that took into account the geographical coordinates and altitude; and the map resolution (100 m) was similar to the digital elevation model derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Patterns of rainfall were interpolated using kriging, with the same resolution of temperature maps. The final climate map obtained for Brazil (851,487,700 ha) has a high spatial resolution (1 ha) which allows to observe the climatic variations at the landscape level. The results are presented as maps, graphs, diagrams and tables, allowing users to interpret the occurrence of climate types in Brazil. The zones and climate types are referenced to the most important mountains, plateaus and depressions, geographical landmarks, rivers and watersheds and major cities across the country making the information accessible to all levels of users. The climate map not only showed that the A, B and C zones represent approximately 81%, 5% and 14% of the country but also allowed the identification of Koppen's climates types never reported before in Brazil.
7,134 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive summary and interpretation of these interactions with specific emphasis on high yield environments is lacking. But the results from many N fertilization studies are often confounded by insufficiently optimized BNF or other management factors that may have precluded achieving BNF-mediated yields near the yield potential ceiling.
831 citations
"Row arrangements of maize and soybe..." refers background in this paper
...Salvagiotti et al. (2008) reported in a review article that biological N2 fixation (BNF) from soybean ranged from 0 up to 337 kg N ha-1 and on average 50-60% of soybean N demand originates from BNF. Zimmer et al. (2016) reported soybean grain and protein yield per hectare of 2,455 and 965 kg ha-1…...
[...]
TL;DR: Inoculants containing Lactobacillus buchneri, a heterofermentative species capable of fermenting lactic acid to acetic, are recent additives, and added acetic acid inhibits yeast and mold growth, increasing aerobic stability of silages at feeding.
Abstract: Ensiling is a method of preserving a moist crop. A moist crop can support the growth of a wide range of microorganisms, most of which will degrade the nutrient value to livestock. However, ensiling generally controls microbial activity by a combination of an anaerobic environment and a natural fermentation of sugars by lactic acid bacteria on the crop. This fermentation and the resulting low pH primarily suppress the growth of other anaerobic microorganisms. The fermentation can also inhibit yeasts, molds and aerobic bacteria, but the anaerobic environment is essential to preventing most of the spoilage microorganisms from growing. Inoculants have become the dominant additives for making silage. Homofermentative strains help guarantee a rapid suppression of anaerobic stains early in storage, increase dry matter recovery and have improved animal performance by means that we do not fully understand. Inoculants containing Lactobacillus buchneri, a heterofermentative species capable of fermenting lactic acid to acetic, are recent additives. The added acetic acid inhibits yeast and mold growth, increasing aerobic stability of silages at feeding.
354 citations
"Row arrangements of maize and soybe..." refers background in this paper
...The growth of yeasts and other spoilage (aerobic) microorganisms may occur when silage pH reaches values higher than 4.5 (Muck, 2010)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, the advantages and effects of aboveground and belowground interactions of intercrops for light interception were analyzed in maize-soybean relay intercropping systems.
150 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the effects of different modes of corn intercropping with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in the field conditions, in 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 at Fazenda Experimental Lageado (Unesp), in Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects on corn yield of different modes of corn intercropping with Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. The experiment was carried out in field conditions, in 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, at Fazenda Experimental Lageado (Unesp), in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. The experimental design was the randomized complete block, as a factorial 2x4, with four replications. The treatments were two row spacings of corn (0.45 and 0.90 m) and four intercropping modalities: single corn; corn intercropped with B. brizantha in the row of sowing; corn intercropped with B. brizantha in space between two rows; and corn intercropped simultaneously with B. brizantha in the row and in the inter-row. The consortium modalities and the spacing used did not damage nitrogen absorption, neither for the corn nor the forage. Corn grains productivity in 0.45 m row spacing was lower with the row and inter-row Brachiaria consortium. Depending on agricultural year, grain yield is greater in the reduced row spacing, when intercropping with Brachiaria, independently of the modality.
121 citations