RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With the Internet of Things
TL;DR: Four wireless technologies for indoor localization: Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11n-2009 at the 2.4 GHz band), Bluetooth low energy, Zigbee, and long-range wide-area network are compared in terms of localization accuracy and power consumption when IoT devices are used.
Abstract: In the era of smart cities, there are a plethora of applications where the localization of indoor environments is important, from monitoring and tracking in smart buildings to proximity marketing and advertising in shopping malls. The success of these applications is based on the development of a cost-efficient and robust real-time system capable of accurately localizing objects. In most outdoor localization systems, global positioning system (GPS) is used due to its ease of implementation and accuracy up to five meters. However, due to the limited space that comes with performing localization of indoor environments and the large number of obstacles found indoors, GPS is not a suitable option. Hence, accurately and efficiently locating objects is a major challenge in indoor environments. Recent advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) along with novel wireless technologies can alleviate the problem. Small-size and cost-efficient IoT devices which use wireless protocols can provide an attractive solution. In this paper, we compare four wireless technologies for indoor localization: Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11n-2009 at the 2.4 GHz band), Bluetooth low energy, Zigbee, and long-range wide-area network. These technologies are compared in terms of localization accuracy and power consumption when IoT devices are used. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values from each modality were used and trilateration was performed for localization. The RSSI data set is available online. The experimental results can be used as an indicator in the selection of a wireless technology for an indoor localization system following application requirements.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the feasibility of LoRaWAN as a localization solution for work safety applications in the industrial scenario from different angles, based on two measurement campaigns conducted at the Brno University of Technology (BUT), Brno, Czech Republic, and the University Politechnica of Bucharest (UPB), Bucharest, Romania.
Abstract: Nowadays, the flexible localization solution for various devices for workplace safety is one of the most demanding research questions. Notably, it is expected to provide an acceptable level of precision in different types of environments empowered by wearable technology and Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. Existing leading localization technologies are adapted for certain conditions, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth low energy (BLE), and ultra-wideband (UWB) are used for indoor areas and various global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based ones for outdoors. This work focuses on investigating the long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) (868-MHz band) as a potential candidate to bridge this gap, being one of the most reliable and recognized communication technologies for the Industrial IoT (IIoT). In the past, the research community had a lot of critics with respect to the applicability of LoRaWAN for localization, while the vision is facing tremendous change over the past two years. The purpose of this work is to assess the feasibility of LoRaWAN as a localization solution for work safety applications in the industrial scenario from different angles. The work is based on two measurement campaigns conducted at the Brno University of Technology (BUT), Brno, Czech Republic, and the University Politechnica of Bucharest (UPB), Bucharest, Romania. The campaigns cover both indoor and outdoor scenarios and provide the practical limitations of the positioning in standalone and ${k}$ -nearest neighbors ( ${k}$ -NN) powered localization systems. According to the results, LoRaWAN-based localization with relatively dense gateways (GWs) deployment allows for achieving a meter-level accuracy, which may be suitable for the localization of workers.
4 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a novel positioning system based on Wi-Fi for material transport in greenhouses, enabling the unmanned vehicle to transport the materials required for sowing, fertilizing, picking, etc.
4 citations
Cites methods from "RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..."
...Next, a positioning algorithm was developed based on received signal strength indicator (RSSI) ranging [16-19] and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a target detection and target tracking (TDTT) model is proposed for continuously tracking the target, which uses prelocalization-based Kalman filter (KF) and clique-based estimation for tracking trajectories.
Abstract: Target Tracking (TT) is an application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) which necessitates constant assessment of the location of a target. Any change in position of a target and the distance from each intermediate sensor node to the target is passed on to base station and these factors play a crucial role in further processing. The drawback of WSN is that it is prone to numerous constraints like low power, faulty sensors, environmental noises, etc. The target should be detected first and its path should be tracked continuously as it moves around the sensing region. This problem of detecting and tracking a target should be conducted with maximum accuracy and minimum energy consumption in each sensor node. In this paper, we propose a Target Detection and Target Tracking (TDTT) model for continuously tracking the target. This model uses prelocalization-based Kalman Filter (KF) for target detection and clique-based estimation for tracking the target trajectories. We evaluated our model by calculating the probability of detecting a target based on distance, then estimating the trajectory. We analyzed the maximum error in position estimation based on density and sensing radius of the sensors. The results were found to be encouraging. The proposed KF-based target detection and clique-based target tracking reduce overall expenditure of energy, thereby increasing network lifetime. This approach is also compared with Dynamic Object Tracking (DOT) and face-based tracking approach. The experimental results prove that employing TDTT improves energy efficiency and extends the lifetime of the network, without compromising the accuracy of tracking.
4 citations
23 Jun 2019
TL;DR: This paper proposes an identification and tracking solution that utilizes a combination of two technologies for identifying the individual which are Wi-Fi technology and facial recognition and makes use of Wi-fi technology by applying the Trilateration algorithms RSSI based for the localization.
Abstract: The failure to rescue the people and sufficiently track victims in Grenfell Tower in London and the disaster of hurricane Katrina has been led to increase the interesting of identification and tracking individual's system, in order to support the indoor environmental services. Various solutions have been proposed making use different connectivity technologies and often a combination of more than one, such as Bluetooth, ZigBee or RFID, however, most of those technologies are limited in coverage and some solutions came up with limited in terms of cost and reliability, therefore, the needs for such a system are in demand. In this paper, we propose an identification and tracking solution that utilizes a combination of two technologies for identifying the individual which are Wi-Fi technology and facial recognition and makes use of Wi-Fi technology by applying the Trilateration algorithms RSSI based for the localization. The developing of the proposed system and data collecting has been achieved through two phases: offline phase and the online phase, also its data saved securely on a cloud-based server while the accuracy of the location estimation is enhanced by fixing enough low-cost Wi-Fi anchor nodes. Testing results have proven a location accuracy within a few centimetres while the identification process works with very high precision with a delay of only a couple of seconds.
4 citations
Cites background from "RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..."
...Each of these methods has its own pros and cons [5]....
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...However, an indoor localization system can not only used for security and safety but also help to increase productivity in the work environment [5]....
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...The concept of the indoor localization is to develop a system able to find the location of the devices or objects in the indoor environment after the GPS failed to apply in the non-line of sight environment [5]....
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...Nonetheless, the Wi-Fi becomes the most appropriate technology to utilize for the indoor localization, because of its availability in the indoor environment [5]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a simple, cost-effective and accurate auto-fingerprinting method for an indoor localization system based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and using a two-wheeled robot is presented.
Abstract: Indoor localization is one of the most important topics in wireless navigation systems. The large number of applications that rely on indoor positioning makes advancements in this field important. Fingerprinting is a popular technique that is widely adopted and induces many important localization approaches. Recently, fingerprinting based on mobile robots has received increasing attention. This work focuses on presenting a simple, cost-effective and accurate auto-fingerprinting method for an indoor localization system based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and using a two-wheeled robot. With this objective, an assessment of the robot’s navigation is performed in order to investigate its displacement errors and elaborate the required corrections. The latter are integrated in our proposed localization system, which is divided into two stages. From there, the auto-fingerprinting method is implemented while modeling the tag-reader link by the Dual One Slope with Second Order propagation Model (DOSSOM) for environmental calibration, within the offline stage. During the online stage, the robot’s position is estimated by applying DOSSOM followed by multilateration. Experimental localization results show that the proposed method provides a positioning error of 1.22 m at the cumulative distribution function of 90%, while operating with only four RFID active tags and an architecture with reduced complexity.
4 citations
References
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TL;DR: This paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) shall be able to incorporate transparently and seamlessly a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of a plethora of digital services. Building a general architecture for the IoT is hence a very complex task, mainly because of the extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper, we focus specifically to an urban IoT system that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at exploiting the most advanced communication technologies to support added-value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. This paper hence provides a comprehensive survey of the enabling technologies, protocols, and architecture for an urban IoT. Furthermore, the paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.
4,335 citations
"RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..." refers background in this paper
...These devices are capable of communicating with the IoT to allow for smart buildings to poses a greater amount of control that could never have been achieved before [1], [2]....
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01 Nov 2007
TL;DR: Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.
Abstract: Wireless indoor positioning systems have become very popular in recent years. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as asset tracking and inventory management. This paper provides an overview of the existing wireless indoor positioning solutions and attempts to classify different techniques and systems. Three typical location estimation schemes of triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity are analyzed. We also discuss location fingerprinting in detail since it is used in most current system or solutions. We then examine a set of properties by which location systems are evaluated, and apply this evaluation method to survey a number of existing systems. Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.
4,123 citations
"RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..." refers background or methods in this paper
...AoA systems use an array of antennae to determine the angle, from which the signal propagated [8], [19], [20]....
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...The most common technologies are: WiFi, Bluetooth, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) and cellular [8]....
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...So far, a standard model for indoor localization has not been developed due to obstacles, floor layouts, and reflections of signals that can occur [8]....
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...other methods need to be used in order to determine a device’s location [8]–[10]....
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...For instance, there are many more obstacles indoors, including furniture, walls, and people, which can reflect the signals produced, increasing multipath effects [7], [8], [15]....
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TL;DR: The authors introduce a hierarchy of architectures with increasing levels of real-world awareness and interactivity for smart objects, describing activity-, policy-, and process-aware smart objects and demonstrating how the respective architectural abstractions support increasingly complex application.
Abstract: The combination of the Internet and emerging technologies such as nearfield communications, real-time localization, and embedded sensors lets us transform everyday objects into smart objects that can understand and react to their environment. Such objects are building blocks for the Internet of Things and enable novel computing applications. As a step toward design and architectural principles for smart objects, the authors introduce a hierarchy of architectures with increasing levels of real-world awareness and interactivity. In particular, they describe activity-, policy-, and process-aware smart objects and demonstrate how the respective architectural abstractions support increasingly complex application.
1,459 citations
"RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..." refers background in this paper
...These devices are capable of communicating with the IoT to allow for smart buildings to poses a greater amount of control that could never have been achieved before [1], [2]....
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TL;DR: This paper aims to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time ofFlight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS) based on technologies that have been proposed in the literature.
Abstract: Indoor localization has recently witnessed an increase in interest, due to the potential wide range of services it can provide by leveraging Internet of Things (IoT), and ubiquitous connectivity. Different techniques, wireless technologies and mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to provide indoor localization services in order to improve the services provided to the users. However, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey paper that incorporates some of the recently proposed accurate and reliable localization systems. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time of flight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS); based on technologies, such as WiFi, radio frequency identification device (RFID), ultra wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and systems that have been proposed in the literature. This paper primarily discusses localization and positioning of human users and their devices. We highlight the strengths of the existing systems proposed in the literature. In contrast with the existing surveys, we also evaluate different systems from the perspective of energy efficiency, availability, cost, reception range, latency, scalability, and tracking accuracy. Rather than comparing the technologies or techniques, we compare the localization systems and summarize their working principle. We also discuss remaining challenges to accurate indoor localization.
1,447 citations
"RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..." refers background in this paper
...to ToA in that it requires devices to have synchronized clocks, but it uses the signal propagation time to multiple receivers to find the absolute signal propagation time [20]....
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...AoA systems use an array of antennae to determine the angle, from which the signal propagated [8], [19], [20]....
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...Through the use of synchronized clocks, the signal propagation time between the transmitter and receiver can be determined [19], [20]....
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TL;DR: This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.
Abstract: The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.
736 citations
"RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..." refers background in this paper
...With the recent emergence of BLE and beacons, it has becomemore feasible to place inexpensive beacons around an environment than it is to rearrange existing hardware and use that for localization [17], [18]....
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