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Journal ArticleDOI

RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With the Internet of Things

04 Jun 2018-IEEE Access (IEEE)-Vol. 6, pp 30149-30161
TL;DR: Four wireless technologies for indoor localization: Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11n-2009 at the 2.4 GHz band), Bluetooth low energy, Zigbee, and long-range wide-area network are compared in terms of localization accuracy and power consumption when IoT devices are used.
Abstract: In the era of smart cities, there are a plethora of applications where the localization of indoor environments is important, from monitoring and tracking in smart buildings to proximity marketing and advertising in shopping malls. The success of these applications is based on the development of a cost-efficient and robust real-time system capable of accurately localizing objects. In most outdoor localization systems, global positioning system (GPS) is used due to its ease of implementation and accuracy up to five meters. However, due to the limited space that comes with performing localization of indoor environments and the large number of obstacles found indoors, GPS is not a suitable option. Hence, accurately and efficiently locating objects is a major challenge in indoor environments. Recent advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) along with novel wireless technologies can alleviate the problem. Small-size and cost-efficient IoT devices which use wireless protocols can provide an attractive solution. In this paper, we compare four wireless technologies for indoor localization: Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11n-2009 at the 2.4 GHz band), Bluetooth low energy, Zigbee, and long-range wide-area network. These technologies are compared in terms of localization accuracy and power consumption when IoT devices are used. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values from each modality were used and trilateration was performed for localization. The RSSI data set is available online. The experimental results can be used as an indicator in the selection of a wireless technology for an indoor localization system following application requirements.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a range-free localization algorithm for sensors in a three-dimensional (3D) wireless sensor networks based on flying anchors is presented. And the authors used the setup much similar to vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I-) based positioning algorithm.
Abstract: In a wireless sensor network (WSN), node localization is a key requirement for many applications The concept of mobile anchor-based localization is not a new concept; however, the localization of mobile anchor nodes gains much attention with the advancement in the Internet of Things (IoT) and electronic industry In this paper, we present a range-free localization algorithm for sensors in a three-dimensional (3D) wireless sensor networks based on flying anchors The nature of the algorithm is also suitable for vehicle localization as we are using the setup much similar to vehicle-to-infrastructure- (V2I-) based positioning algorithm A multilayer C-shaped trajectory is chosen for the random walk of mobile anchor nodes equipped with a Global Positioning System (GPS) and broadcasts its location information over the sensing space The mobile anchor nodes keep transmitting the beacon along with their position information to unknown nodes and select three further anchor nodes to form a triangle The distance is then computed by the link quality induction against each anchor node that uses the centroid-based formula to compute the localization error The simulation shows that the average localization error of our proposed system is 14 m with a standard deviation of 121 m The geometrical computation of localization eliminated the use of extra hardware that avoids any direct communication between the sensors and is applicable for all types of network topologies

22 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper describes a solution based on the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology to geolocalise vehicles indoors through estimation of the behaviour of a LoRaWan channel and using trilateration, the localisation of a vehicle can be obtained within a 20–30 m range.
Abstract: One of the main drawbacks of Global Navigation Satellite Sytems (GNSS) is that they do not work indoors. When inside, there is often no direct line from the satellite signals to the device and the ultra high frequency (UHF) used is blocked by thick, solid materials such as brick, metal, stone or wood. In this paper, we describe a solution based on the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology to geolocalise vehicles indoors. Through estimation of the behaviour of a LoRaWAN channel and using trilateration, the localisation of a vehicle can be obtained within a 20–30 m range. Indoor geolocation for Intelligent Transporation Systems (ITS) can be used to locate vehicles of any type in underground parkings, keep a platoon of trucks in formation or create geo-fences, that is, sending an alert if an object moves outside a defined area, like a bicycle being stolen. Routing of heavy vehicles within an industrial setting is another possibility.

22 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Jul 2020
TL;DR: A database of received signal strength measurements (RSSIs) on BLE signals in a real positioning system deployed on two buildings belonging to the campus of the University of Extremadura in Badajoz.
Abstract: The technologies and sensors embedded in smartphones have contributed to the spread of disruptive applications built on top of Location Based Services (LBSs). Among them, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has been widely adopted for proximity and localization, as it is a simple but efficient positioning technology. This article presents a database of received signal strength measurements (RSSIs) on BLE signals in a real positioning system. The system was deployed on two buildings belonging to the campus of the University of Extremadura in Badajoz. the database is divided into three different deployments, changing in each of them the number of measurement points and the configuration of the BLE beacons. the beacons used in this work can broadcast up to six emission slots simultaneously. Fingerprinting positioning experiments are presented in this work using multiple slots, improving positioning accuracy when compared with the traditional single slot approach.

21 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A three-dimensional localization algorithm that combines received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and time of arrival (TOA) ranging information and single mobile anchor node is proposed, which had a higher localization accuracy and lower localization energy consumption compared with the traditional RSSI localization method or TOA localization method.
Abstract: Aimed at the shortcomings of low localization accuracy of the fixed multianchor method, a three-dimensional localization algorithm for wireless sensor network nodes is proposed in this paper, which combines received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and time of arrival (TOA) ranging information and single mobile anchor node. A mobile anchor node was introduced in the proposed three-dimensional localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks firstly, and the mobile anchor node moves according to the Gauss–Markov three-dimensional mobility model. Then, based on the idea of using RSSI ranging in the near end and TOA ranging in the far end, a ranging method combining RSSI and TOA ranging information is proposed to obtain the precise distance between the anchor node and the unknown node. Finally, the maximum-likelihood estimation method is used to estimate the position of unknown nodes based on the obtained ranging values. The MATLAB simulation results show that the proposed algorithm had a higher localization accuracy and lower localization energy consumption compared with the traditional RSSI localization method or TOA localization method.

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
14 Apr 2021-Sensors
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a hybrid fingerprint location technology based on RSS and CSI, and the weighted k-nearest neighbor (WKNN) algorithm was applied to reduce the complexity of the algorithm during the online positioning stage.
Abstract: Received signal strength indication (RSSI) obtained by Medium Access Control (MAC) layer is widely used in range-based and fingerprint location systems due to its low cost and low complexity. However, RSS is affected by noise signals and multi-path, and its positioning performance is not stable. In recent years, many commercial WiFi devices support the acquisition of physical layer channel state information (CSI). CSI is an index that can characterize the signal characteristics with more fine granularity than RSS. Compared with RSS, CSI can avoid the effects of multi-path and noise by analyzing the characteristics of multi-channel sub-carriers. To improve the indoor location accuracy and algorithm efficiency, this paper proposes a hybrid fingerprint location technology based on RSS and CSI. In the off-line phase, to overcome the problems of low positioning accuracy and fingerprint drift caused by signal instability, a methodology based on the Kalman filter and a Gaussian function is proposed to preprocess the RSSI value and CSI amplitude value, and the improved CSI phase is incorporated after the linear transformation. The mutation and noisy data are then effectively eliminated, and the accurate and smoother outputs of the RSSI and CSI values can be achieved. Then, the accurate hybrid fingerprint database is established after dimensionality reduction of the obtained high-dimensional data values. The weighted k-nearest neighbor (WKNN) algorithm is applied to reduce the complexity of the algorithm during the online positioning stage, and the accurate indoor positioning algorithm is accomplished. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm exhibits good performance on anti-noise ability, fusion positioning accuracy, and real-time filtering. Compared with CSI-MIMO, FIFS, and RSSI-based methods, the proposed fusion correction method has higher positioning accuracy and smaller positioning error.

20 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) shall be able to incorporate transparently and seamlessly a large number of different and heterogeneous end systems, while providing open access to selected subsets of data for the development of a plethora of digital services. Building a general architecture for the IoT is hence a very complex task, mainly because of the extremely large variety of devices, link layer technologies, and services that may be involved in such a system. In this paper, we focus specifically to an urban IoT system that, while still being quite a broad category, are characterized by their specific application domain. Urban IoTs, in fact, are designed to support the Smart City vision, which aims at exploiting the most advanced communication technologies to support added-value services for the administration of the city and for the citizens. This paper hence provides a comprehensive survey of the enabling technologies, protocols, and architecture for an urban IoT. Furthermore, the paper will present and discuss the technical solutions and best-practice guidelines adopted in the Padova Smart City project, a proof-of-concept deployment of an IoT island in the city of Padova, Italy, performed in collaboration with the city municipality.

4,335 citations


"RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..." refers background in this paper

  • ...These devices are capable of communicating with the IoT to allow for smart buildings to poses a greater amount of control that could never have been achieved before [1], [2]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2007
TL;DR: Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.
Abstract: Wireless indoor positioning systems have become very popular in recent years. These systems have been successfully used in many applications such as asset tracking and inventory management. This paper provides an overview of the existing wireless indoor positioning solutions and attempts to classify different techniques and systems. Three typical location estimation schemes of triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity are analyzed. We also discuss location fingerprinting in detail since it is used in most current system or solutions. We then examine a set of properties by which location systems are evaluated, and apply this evaluation method to survey a number of existing systems. Comprehensive performance comparisons including accuracy, precision, complexity, scalability, robustness, and cost are presented.

4,123 citations


"RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...AoA systems use an array of antennae to determine the angle, from which the signal propagated [8], [19], [20]....

    [...]

  • ...The most common technologies are: WiFi, Bluetooth, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) and cellular [8]....

    [...]

  • ...So far, a standard model for indoor localization has not been developed due to obstacles, floor layouts, and reflections of signals that can occur [8]....

    [...]

  • ...other methods need to be used in order to determine a device’s location [8]–[10]....

    [...]

  • ...For instance, there are many more obstacles indoors, including furniture, walls, and people, which can reflect the signals produced, increasing multipath effects [7], [8], [15]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors introduce a hierarchy of architectures with increasing levels of real-world awareness and interactivity for smart objects, describing activity-, policy-, and process-aware smart objects and demonstrating how the respective architectural abstractions support increasingly complex application.
Abstract: The combination of the Internet and emerging technologies such as nearfield communications, real-time localization, and embedded sensors lets us transform everyday objects into smart objects that can understand and react to their environment. Such objects are building blocks for the Internet of Things and enable novel computing applications. As a step toward design and architectural principles for smart objects, the authors introduce a hierarchy of architectures with increasing levels of real-world awareness and interactivity. In particular, they describe activity-, policy-, and process-aware smart objects and demonstrate how the respective architectural abstractions support increasingly complex application.

1,459 citations


"RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..." refers background in this paper

  • ...These devices are capable of communicating with the IoT to allow for smart buildings to poses a greater amount of control that could never have been achieved before [1], [2]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper aims to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time ofFlight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS) based on technologies that have been proposed in the literature.
Abstract: Indoor localization has recently witnessed an increase in interest, due to the potential wide range of services it can provide by leveraging Internet of Things (IoT), and ubiquitous connectivity. Different techniques, wireless technologies and mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to provide indoor localization services in order to improve the services provided to the users. However, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey paper that incorporates some of the recently proposed accurate and reliable localization systems. In this paper, we aim to provide a detailed survey of different indoor localization techniques, such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of flight (ToF), return time of flight (RTOF), and received signal strength (RSS); based on technologies, such as WiFi, radio frequency identification device (RFID), ultra wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and systems that have been proposed in the literature. This paper primarily discusses localization and positioning of human users and their devices. We highlight the strengths of the existing systems proposed in the literature. In contrast with the existing surveys, we also evaluate different systems from the perspective of energy efficiency, availability, cost, reception range, latency, scalability, and tracking accuracy. Rather than comparing the technologies or techniques, we compare the localization systems and summarize their working principle. We also discuss remaining challenges to accurate indoor localization.

1,447 citations


"RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..." refers background in this paper

  • ...to ToA in that it requires devices to have synchronized clocks, but it uses the signal propagation time to multiple receivers to find the absolute signal propagation time [20]....

    [...]

  • ...AoA systems use an array of antennae to determine the angle, from which the signal propagated [8], [19], [20]....

    [...]

  • ...Through the use of synchronized clocks, the signal propagation time between the transmitter and receiver can be determined [19], [20]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work provides a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a ~600 m2 testbed to position a consumer device, and investigates the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency.
Abstract: The complexity of indoor radio propagation has resulted in location-awareness being derived from empirical fingerprinting techniques, where positioning is performed via a previously-constructed radio map, usually of WiFi signals. The recent introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio protocol provides new opportunities for indoor location. It supports portable battery-powered beacons that can be easily distributed at low cost, giving it distinct advantages over WiFi. However, its differing use of the radio band brings new challenges too. In this work, we provide a detailed study of BLE fingerprinting using 19 beacons distributed around a $\sim\! 600\ \mbox{m}^2$ testbed to position a consumer device. We demonstrate the high susceptibility of BLE to fast fading, show how to mitigate this, and quantify the true power cost of continuous BLE scanning. We further investigate the choice of key parameters in a BLE positioning system, including beacon density, transmit power, and transmit frequency. We also provide quantitative comparison with WiFi fingerprinting. Our results show advantages to the use of BLE beacons for positioning. For one-shot (push-to-fix) positioning we achieve $30\ \mbox{m}^2$ ), compared to $100\ \mbox{m}^2$ ) and < 8.5 m for an established WiFi network in the same area.

736 citations


"RSSI-Based Indoor Localization With..." refers background in this paper

  • ...With the recent emergence of BLE and beacons, it has becomemore feasible to place inexpensive beacons around an environment than it is to rearrange existing hardware and use that for localization [17], [18]....

    [...]