Rubber Toughened Epoxy
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of various functionalized liquid rubber-based toughening agents and core-shell particles are discussed critically in a review of recent advances in the development.
Abstract: Toughening of epoxy resins for improvement of crack resistance has been the subject of intense research interest during the last two decades. Epoxy resins are successfully toughened by blending with a suitable liquid rubber, which initially remains miscible with epoxy and undergoes a phase separation in the course of curing that leads to the formation of a two-phase microstructure, or by directly blending preformed rubbery particle. Unlike the situation for thermoplastics, physical blending is not successful for toughening epoxy resins. Recent advances in the development of various functionalized liquid rubber-based toughening agents and core-shell particles are discussed critically in this review.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method for converting epoxidized vegetable oils (EVO) into useful polymerizable oxygenated monomers commonly by Prileshajev-epoxidation, catalytic epoxidation using acidic ion exchange resin, chemo-enzymatic epoxide, or metal-catalyzed epoxide.
Abstract: Epoxidized vegetable oils (EVO) have drawn much attention in recent years, especially in the polymer industry as they are economical, available, environmentally friendly, non-noxious and renewable. Vegetable oils can be transformed into useful polymerizable oxygenated monomers commonly by Prileshajev-epoxidation, catalytic epoxidation using acidic ion exchange resin, chemo-enzymatic epoxidation, or metal-catalyzed epoxidation. Among those epoxidation methods, chemo-enzymatic epoxidation has achieved considerable interest nowadays since this method is safe, environmentally friendly and conversion rate of epoxidation usually exceeds 90%. Bio-based epoxidized vegetable oils from renewable natural resources are potential green materials to partially substitute and toughen petrochemical-based polymers.
261 citations
Cites background from "Rubber Toughened Epoxy"
...In addition, there are also lots of attempts carried out to toughen the epoxy resins which are brittle in nature by incorporating relatively low cost and readily biodegradable EVO into the epoxy system([7,18])....
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TL;DR: Carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) was added to epoxy resins to improve the fracture toughness, and then two different lateral dimensions of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs), nominally as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) was added to epoxy resins to improve the fracture toughness, and then two different lateral dimensions of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs), nominally
196 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an epoxy resin was modified by the addition of different nanosilica particles, which gave a very well-dispersed phase of nanoparticles and the responsible toughening mechanisms were recognized to be plastic deformation and plastic void growth.
168 citations
Dissertation•
01 Mar 1984
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between morphology and the properties of multicomponent polyoxy and methacrylate resins was investigated and a comparison of the kinetics of tensile creep between the different systems was made.
Abstract: The study reported in this thesis concerns the relationship
between morphology and the properties of multicomponent
epoxy and methacrylate resins.
The thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of phase separation in
reactive, thermosetting, systems are explored and applied to
the investigation of blends of 'high performance' epoxy
resins with polyethersulphone. The mechanical properties of
the same cured blends are shown to be insensitive to
considerable variations in composition, cure and the
resulting morphology, both in the bulk-resin and in carbon
fibre-epoxy laminate forms.
Room temperature fracture and yield behaviour of highly
cross linked and rubber modified methacrylates, of rubber
modified dysfunctional epoxies, as well as of the above
mentioned epoxy/polyether sulphone blends, is investigated.
Special emphasis is placed on a comparison of the kinetics
of tensile creep between the different systems. Loss of
ductility in the highly cross linked resins is shown to
result in a very limited scope for toughness enhancement by
the usual rubber toughening methods.
147 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, EGS esters of epoxidized fatty acids derived from soybean oil (EGS) and linseed oil (ELO) have been used for fabrication of structural and structurally complex epoxy composites.
Abstract: Glycidyl esters of epoxidized fatty acids derived from soybean oil (EGS) and linseed oil (EGL) have been syn- thesized to have higher oxirane content, more reactivity and lower viscosity than epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) or epoxi- dized linseed oil (ELO). The EGS and ESO, for comparison, were used neat and in blends with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). Thermosetting resins were fabricated with the epoxy monomers and either BF3 catalyst or anhy- dride. The curing behaviors, glass transition temperatures, crosslink densities and mechanical properties were tested. The results indicated that polymer glass transition temperatures were mostly a function of oxirane content with additional influ- ence of glycidyl versus internal oxirane reactivity, pendant chain content, and chemical structure and presence of saturated components. EGS provided better compatibility with DGEBA, improved intermolecular crosslinking and glass transition temperature, and yielded mechanically stronger polymerized materials than materials obtained using ESO. Other benefits of the EGS resin blend systems were significantly reduced viscosities compared to either DGEBA or ESO-blended DGEBA counterparts. Therefore, EGS that is derived from renewable sources has improved potential for fabrication of structural and structurally complex epoxy composites, e.g., by vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding.
147 citations
Additional excerpts
...rubber in epoxy resin [62]....
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References
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TL;DR: A key to pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry literature and training of literature chemists are discussed in the Advances series as mentioned in this paper, with the focus on the training of chemistry chemists, which is a subject of great interest to the literature chemist.
Abstract: NUMBERS 16 and 17 in the Advances series have made their appearance. The titles are: "A Key to Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Literature" and "Training of literature Chemists." The first is a collection of papers presented before the Divisions of Chemical Literature and Medicinal Chemistry; the second consists of papers given before a joint meeting of the Divisions of Chemical Education and Chemical Literature. Glancing at the titles of subjects covered to date in the Advances series, it becomes evident that a substantial literature is being built by literature chemists, largely through the divisions in the AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Number 4, "Searching the Chemical Literature," has been reprinted several times and frequently is referred to as the "bible" of literature chemists. Number 10, "Literature Resources for Chemical Process Industries," is in much demand. Nomenclature is a subject of direct importance to the literature chemist, and Number 8, entitled "Chemical Nomenclature," and ...
3,188 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: The thoroughly rewritten and enlarged Second Edition as mentioned in this paper provides hands-on assistance in the use, formulation, synthesis, processing, and handling of epoxy resins. But it does not discuss toxicity, hazards, and safe handling.
Abstract: Featuring new techniques of physicochemical analysis and broader coverage of textile applications,the thoroughly rewritten and enlarged Second Edition provides hands-on assistance inthe use, formulation, synthesis, processing, and handling of epoxy resins.Epoxy Resins, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded documents available commercialproducts, including rarer species of epoxides ... shows how to achieve qualityassurance through analytical methods ... discusses toxicity, hazards, and safe handling ...looks closely at elastomer modification of resins as well as adhesives, coatings, electrical andelectronic applications, fiber-reinforced composites, and the use of epoxy resins in thestabilization of polymers, plasticizers, and textiles ... and assists in the more efficientselection and application of epoxy resins.Complete with nearly 300 pages of tables for quick references, plus over 300 diagrams andphotographs, and more than 4,400 bibliographic references, this volume will proveindispensable to polymer, physical, and organic chemists, rheologists, materials scientists andengineers, and chemical, plastics, aerospace, automotive, and electrical and electronicsengineers.
1,325 citations