Rumination as a vulnerability factor to depression during the transition from early to middle adolescence: A multiwave longitudinal study.
01 May 2011-Journal of Abnormal Psychology (American Psychological Association)-Vol. 120, Iss: 2, pp 259-271
TL;DR: Rumination moderated the association between the occurrence of negative events and the development of future depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes and was associated with a greater likelihood of exhibiting a past history ofmajor depressive episodes.
Abstract: The current study examined vulnerability to depression during the transition from early to middle adolescence from the perspective of the response styles theory. During an initial assessment, 382 adolescents (ages 11-15 years) completed self-report measures assessing rumination and depressive symptoms as well as a semistructured clinical interview assessing current and past major depressive episodes. Every 3 months for the subsequent 2 years, adolescents completed self-report measures assessing depressive symptoms and negative events. Every 6 months, adolescents completed a semistructured clinical interview assessing the onset of new major depressive episodes. Higher levels of rumination were associated with a greater likelihood of exhibiting a past history of major depressive episodes, a greater likelihood of experiencing the onset of a future major depressive episode, and greater duration of future depressive episodes. Consistent with a vulnerability-stress perspective, rumination moderated the association between the occurrence of negative events and the development of future depressive symptoms and major depressive episodes.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: This work reviews the current state of knowledge of EF impairments associated with psychopathology and limitations to the previous research in light of recent advances in understanding and measuring EF and offers concrete suggestions for improving EF assessment.
Abstract: Executive function (EF) is essential for successfully navigating nearly all of our daily activities. Of critical importance for clinical psychological science, EF impairments are associated with most forms of psychopathology. However, despite the proliferation of research on EF in clinical populations, with notable exceptions clinical and cognitive approaches to EF have remained largely independent, leading to failures to apply theoretical and methodological advances in one field to the other field and hindering progress. First, we review the current state of knowledge of EF impairments associated with psychopathology and limitations to the previous research in light of recent advances in understanding and measuring EF. Next, we offer concrete suggestions for improving EF assessment. Last, we suggest future directions, including integrating modern models of EF with state of the art, hierarchical models of dimensional psychopathology as well as translational implications of EF-informed research on clinical science.
575 citations
TL;DR: Novel evidence is provided for the role of stressful life events in shaping characteristic responses to distress, specifically engagement in rumination, highlighting potentially useful targets for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of depression and anxiety.
Abstract: Rumination is a well-established risk factor for the onset of major depression and anxiety symptomatology in both adolescents and adults. Despite the robust associations between rumination and internalizing psychopathology, there is a dearth of research examining factors that might lead to a ruminative response style. In the current study, we examined whether social environmental experiences were associated with rumination. Specifically, we evaluated whether self-reported exposure to stressful life events predicted subsequent increases in rumination. We also investigated whether rumination served as a mechanism underlying the longitudinal association between self-reported stressful life events and internalizing symptoms. Self-reported stressful life events, rumination, and symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed in 2 separate longitudinal samples. A sample of early adolescents (N = 1,065) was assessed at 3 time points spanning 7 months. A sample of adults (N = 1,132) was assessed at 2 time points spanning 12 months. In both samples, self-reported exposure to stressful life events was associated longitudinally with increased engagement in rumination. In addition, rumination mediated the longitudinal relationship between self-reported stressors and symptoms of anxiety in both samples and the relationship between self-reported life events and symptoms of depression in the adult sample. Identifying the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that explain a greater propensity for rumination following stressors remains an important goal for future research. This study provides novel evidence for the role of stressful life events in shaping characteristic responses to distress, specifically engagement in rumination, highlighting potentially useful targets for interventions aimed at preventing the onset of depression and anxiety.
445 citations
Cites background from "Rumination as a vulnerability facto..."
...Although the association between rumination and onset of clinician-identified depressive episodes is well established (Abela & Hankin, 2011; Just & Alloy, 1997; NolenHoeksema, 2000; Robinson & Alloy, 2003), the role of rumination as a risk factor for the later onset of anxiety disorders requires…...
[...]
...…1999; Nolen-Hoeksema, Morrow, & Frederickson, 1993; Nolen-Hoeksema, Parker, & Larson, 1994), heightened risk for new onsets of major depression (Abela & Hankin, 2011; Just & Alloy, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Robinson & Alloy, 2003), and greater chronicity of depressive episodes (Robinson &…...
[...]
TL;DR: A series of recommendations for facilitating cross-study comparisons and leveraging multifaceted approaches to studying emotion regulation processes within a developmental psychopathology framework are provided.
Abstract: In response to rapidly growing rates of comorbidity among psychiatric disorders, clinical scientists have become interested in identifying transdiagnostic processes that can help explain dysfunction across diagnostic categories (e.g., Kring & Sloan, 2009). One factor that has received a great deal of attention is that of emotion regulation, namely, the ability to modulate the intensity and/or duration of emotional states (e.g., Cicchetti, Ackerman, & Izard, 1995; Gross, 1998). Recent theoretical and empirical work has begun to emphasize the role that emotion regulation plays in the temporal comorbidity between internalizing and externalizing conditions (e.g., Aldao & De Los Reyes, 2015; De Los Reyes & Aldao, 2015; Drabick & Kendall, 2010; Jarrett & Ollendick, 2008; Patrick & Hajcak, 2016). However, close inspection of this work reveals two very pertinent areas of growth: (a) this literature is characterized by mixed findings that are likely explained, in part, by methodological heterogeneity; and (b) emotion regulation tends to be studied in relatively narrow terms. To address these issues, we provide a series of recommendations for facilitating cross-study comparisons and leveraging multifaceted approaches to studying emotion regulation processes within a developmental psychopathology framework. We hope that our perspective can enhance the organization and growth of this very important area of inquiry, and ultimately result in more effective prevention and treatment programs.
282 citations
Cites background from "Rumination as a vulnerability facto..."
...…habitual rumination, emotion regulation skills, and RSA) are associated with the development of internalizing and externalizing symptoms (e.g., Abela & Hankin, 2011; Aldao et al., 2010; Bierman et al., 2015; Halligan et al., 2013; Hilt et al., 2015; McLaughlin et al., 2011, 2014; Oldehinkel…...
[...]
...…indicate that emotion regulation might be a transdiagnostic factor associated with the development of internalizing and internalizing conditions (Abela & Hankin, 2011; Aldao et al., 2010; Bierman et al., 2015; Halligan et al., 2013; Hilt et al., 2015; McLaughlin et al., 2011, 2014; Oldehinkel…...
[...]
...…is associated with the development and maintenance of a wider range of conditions, including anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse in chil- dren, adolescents, and adults (e.g., Abela & Hankin, 2011; Aldao et al., 2010; Nolen-Hoeksema & Watkins, 2011; Spasojević & Alloy, 2001)....
[...]
TL;DR: Young adolescents may benefit from learning positive coping skills to manageorry or stress about common stressors and in particular, worry or stress related to romantic breakups to help reduce emerging psychopathology.
Abstract: Stressful life events are associated with mood disorders in adults in clinical settings. Less described in the literature is the association between common life stressors and a wide range of psychopathology in young adolescents. This study uses a large non-clinical sample of young adolescents to describe the associations among worry or stress about common life events/difficulties, mental health and substance use. Data on lifetime stress or worry about common life events/difficulties (i.e., romantic breakups, family disruption, interpersonal difficulties, and personal stress (health, weight, school work)), symptoms of depression, conduct disorder symptoms, and substance use were collected from 1025 grade 7 students (mean age 12.9 years; 45% male). The association between each source of stress and each mental health and substance use indicator was modeled in separate logistic regression analyses. The proportion of adolescents reporting worry or stress ranged from 7% for new family to 53% for schoolwork. Romantic breakup stress was statistically significantly associated with all the mental health and substance use indicators except illicit drug use. Family disruption was statistically significantly associated with depression symptoms, marijuana use, and cigarette use. Interpersonal difficulties stress was statistically significantly associated with depression symptoms. All sources of personal stress were statistically significantly related to depression symptoms. In addition, health-related stress was inversely related to binge drinking. Young adolescents may benefit from learning positive coping skills to manage worry or stress about common stressors and in particular, worry or stress related to romantic breakups. Appropriate management of mental health symptoms and substance use related to common stressful life events and difficulties may help reduce emerging psychopathology.
173 citations
Cites background from "Rumination as a vulnerability facto..."
..., seeking advice, obtaining information, accepting social support, internal reflection), younger adolescents who experience frequent stress for the first time, may not have yet developed appropriate coping skills, and instead use immature or negative coping styles such as withdrawal, avoidance or distraction with substance use [6,88-92]....
[...]
TL;DR: This review used 4 types of longitudinal models (descriptive models, prediction models, developmental sequence models and longitudinal mediation models) to identify regular patterns of psychosocial development in adolescence to discuss links between the various developmental patterns.
Abstract: This review used 4 types of longitudinal models (descriptive models, prediction models, developmental sequence models and longitudinal mediation models) to identify regular patterns of psychosocial development in adolescence. Eight patterns of adolescent development were observed across countries: (1) adolescent maturation in multiple developmental domains; (2) heterogeneous continuity of personal relationships; (3) good goes together with good, and bad with bad, across time in adolescence; (4) parents transmit values and behaviors to their adolescent children over time; (5) adolescent psychopathology leads to erosion of personal relationships with parents and peers; (6) adolescent psychopathology prevents adolescent independence from parents; (7) parental interference in personal issues of adolescents has counterproductive effects over time; (8) mood variability and (social and personal) uncertainty are mechanisms that maintain psychopathology in adolescence. Principles of life span developmental psychology are used to discuss adolescent maturation, and a developmental contextual perspective is used to discuss links between the various developmental patterns. Strengths and limitations of the various longitudinal models, and links between longitudinal and experimental research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
157 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: The risk of having at least 1 psychiatric disorder by age 16 years is much higher than point estimates would suggest and concurrent comorbidity and homotypic and heterotypic continuity are more marked in girls than in boys.
Abstract: Results: Although 3-month prevalence of any disorder averaged 13.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.7%15.0%), during the study period 36.7% of participants (31% of girls and 42% of boys) had at least 1 psychiatric disorder. Some disorders (social anxiety, panic, depression, and substance abuse) increased in prevalence, whereas others, including separation anxiety disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), decreased. Lagged analyses showed that children with a history of psychiatric disorder were 3 times more likely than those with no previous disorder to have a diagnosis at any subsequent wave (odds ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.94.9; P.001). Risk from a previous diagnosis was high among both girls and boys, but it was significantly higher among girls. Continuity of the same disorder (homotypic) was significant for all disorders except specific phobias. Continuity from one diagnosis to another (heterotypic) was significant from depression to anxiety and anxiety to depression, from ADHD to oppositional defiant disorder, and from anxiety and conduct disorder to substance abuse. Almost all the heterotypic continuity was seen in girls. Conclusions: The risk of having at least 1 psychiatric disorder by age 16 years is much higher than point estimates would suggest. Concurrent comorbidity and homotypic and heterotypic continuity are more marked in girls than in boys.
3,729 citations
"Rumination as a vulnerability facto..." refers background in this paper
...…developmentally meaningful transition period (the interval of development in which sex differences in depression first emerge; Angold et al., 2002; Costello et al., 2003; Twenge & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2002) to examine whether preexisting sex differences in rumination interact with subsequently…...
[...]
TL;DR: The authors proposed that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms and found that people who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their symptoms and the possible causes and consequences of their symptoms, will show longer depressions than people who take action to distract themselves from their symptoms.
Abstract: I propose that the ways people respond to their own symptoms of depression influence the duration of these symptoms. People who engage in ruminative responses to depression, focusing on their symptoms and the possible causes and consequences of their symptoms, will show longer depressions than people who take action to distract themselves from their symptoms. Ruminative responses prolong depression because they allow the depressed mood to negatively bias thinking and interfere with instrumental behavior and problem-solving. Laboratory and field studies directly testing this theory have supported its predictions. I discuss how response styles can explain the greater likelihood of depression in women than men. Then I intergrate this response styles theory with studies of coping with discrete events. The response styles theory is compared to other theories of the duration of depression. Finally, I suggest what may help a depressed person to stop engaging in ruminative responses and how response styles for depression may develop.
3,099 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that middle-to-late adolescence (ages 15-18) may be a critical time for studying vulnerability to depression because of the higher depression rates and the greater risk for depression onset and dramatic increase in gender differences in depression during this period.
Abstract: The authors investigated the emergence of gender differences in clinical depression and the overall development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood among members of a complete birth cohort using a prospective longitudinal approach with structured diagnostic interviews administered 5 times over the course of 10 years. Small gender differences in depression (females greater than males) first began to emerge between the ages of 13 and 15. However, the greatest increase in this gender difference occurred between ages 15 and 18. Depression rates and accompanying gender differences for a university student subsample were no different than for a nonuniversity subsample. There was no gender difference for depression recurrence or for depression symptom severity. The peak increase in both overall rates of depression and new cases of depression occurred between the ages of 15 and 18. Results suggest that middle-to-late adolescence (ages 15-18) may be a critical time for studying vulnerability to depression because of the higher depression rates and the greater risk for depression onset and dramatic increase in gender differences in depression during this period.
2,148 citations
"Rumination as a vulnerability facto..." refers background or result in this paper
...…given that, consistent with previous research examining the development of depression during the transition from early to middle adolescence (Hankin et al., 1998), sex differences in clinically significant depression did emerge during the course of the current study, with girls being…...
[...]
...…(i.e., ages 12–15 years), sex differences emerge, with girls reporting higher levels of both depressive symptoms (Angold, Erkanli, Silberg, Eaves, & Costello, 2002; Twenge & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2002) and disorders (Costello, Mustillo, Erkanli, Keeler, & Angold, 2003; Hankin et al., 1998) than boys....
[...]
...Within this brief window of time, there is a dramatic sixfold increase in the prevalence of depression (Hankin et al., 1998; Kessler, Avenevoli, & Merikangas, 2001)....
[...]
...…study at multiple time points as they traversed a theoretically meaningful period of development: the transition from early to middle adolescence, a time in which sex differences in depression emerge (Hankin et al., 1998) and depression rates begin to increase rapidly (Kessler et al., 2001)....
[...]
TL;DR: Most adult disorders should be reframed as extensions of juvenile disorders, in particular, juvenile conduct disorder is a priority prevention target for reducing psychiatric disorder in the adult population.
Abstract: Background If most adults with mental disorders are found to have a juvenile psychiatric history, this would shift etiologic research and prevention policy to focus more on childhood mental disorders. Method Our prospective longitudinal study followed up a representative birth cohort (N = 1037). We made psychiatric diagnoses according to DSM criteria at 11, 13, 15, 18, 21, and 26 years of age. Adult disorders were defined in the following 3 ways: (1) cases diagnosed using a standardized diagnostic interview, (2) the subset using treatment, and (3) the subset receiving intensive mental health services. Follow-back analyses ascertained the proportion of adult cases who had juvenile diagnoses and the types of juvenile diagnoses they had. Results Among adult cases defined via the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, 73.9% had received a diagnosis before 18 years of age and 50.0% before 15 years of age. Among treatment-using cases, 76.5% received a diagnosis before 18 years of age and 57.5% before 15 years of age. Among cases receiving intensive mental health services, 77.9% received a diagnosis before 18 years of age and 60.3% before 15 years of age. Adult disorders were generally preceded by their juvenile counterparts (eg, adult anxiety was preceded by juvenile anxiety), but also by different disorders. Specifically, adult anxiety and schizophreniform disorders were preceded by a broad array of juvenile disorders. For all adult disorders, 25% to 60% of cases had a history of conduct and/or oppositional defiant disorder. Conclusions Most adult disorders should be reframed as extensions of juvenile disorders. In particular, juvenile conduct disorder is a priority prevention target for reducing psychiatric disorder in the adult population.
1,911 citations
Book•
30 Sep 2005
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-analysis of generalized Linear Mixed Models for Gaussian Longitudinal Data and its applications to Hierarchical Models and Random-effects Models.
Abstract: Introduction.- Motivating Studies.- Generalized Linear Models.- Linear Mixed Models for Gaussian Longitudinal Data.- Model Families.- The Strength of Marginal Models.- Likelihood-based Models.- Generalized Estimating Equations.- Pseudo-likelihood.- Fitting Marginal Models with SAS.- Conditional Models.- Pseudo-likehood.- From Subject-Specific to Random-Effects Models.- Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM).- Fitting Generalized Linear Mixed Models with SAS.- Marginal Versus Random-Effects Models.- Ordinal Data.- The Epilepsy Data.- Non-linear Models.- Psuedo-likelihood for a Hierarchical Model.- Random-effects Models with Serial Correlation.- Non-Gaussian Random Effects.- Joint Continuous and Discrete Responses.- High-dimensional Multivariate Repeated Measurements.- Missing Data Concepts.- Simple Methods, Direct Likelikhood and WGEE.- Multiple Imputation and the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm.- Selection Models.- Pattern-mixture Models.- Sensitivity Analysis.- Incomplete Data and SAS.
1,352 citations