Running power meters and theoretical models based on laws of physics: Effects of environments and running conditions.
TL;DR: The closest agreement of the Stryd and PolarV technologies with the TPW1 and TPW2 models suggest these tools as the most sensitive, among those analyzed, for PW measurement when changing environments and running conditions.
About: This article is published in Physiology & Behavior.The article was published on 2020-09-01. It has received 12 citations till now.
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TL;DR: It is suggested that future studies using IMUs to record running biomechanics have mainly been conducted indoors, on a treadmill, at prescribed speeds, and over small distances should move out of the lab to less controlled and more real-world environments.
Abstract: Inertial measurement units (IMUs) can be used to monitor running biomechanics in real-world settings, but IMUs are often used within a laboratory. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe how IMUs are used to record running biomechanics in both laboratory and real-world conditions. We included peer-reviewed journal articles that used IMUs to assess gait quality during running. We extracted data on running conditions (indoor/outdoor, surface, speed, and distance), device type and location, metrics, participants, and purpose and study design. A total of 231 studies were included. Most (72%) studies were conducted indoors; and in 67% of all studies, the analyzed distance was only one step or stride or <200 m. The most common device type and location combination was a triaxial accelerometer on the shank (18% of device and location combinations). The most common analyzed metric was vertical/axial magnitude, which was reported in 64% of all studies. Most studies (56%) included recreational runners. For the past 20 years, studies using IMUs to record running biomechanics have mainly been conducted indoors, on a treadmill, at prescribed speeds, and over small distances. We suggest that future studies should move out of the lab to less controlled and more real-world environments.
20 citations
TL;DR: A systematic review of the available literature investigating how wearable technology is being used for running gait analysis in adults can be found in this paper , where wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring and analysis of running mechanics in any environment.
Abstract: Running gait assessment has traditionally been performed using subjective observation or expensive laboratory-based objective technologies, such as three-dimensional motion capture or force plates. However, recent developments in wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring and analysis of running mechanics in any environment. Objective measurement of running gait is an important (clinical) tool for injury assessment and provides measures that can be used to enhance performance.We aimed to systematically review the available literature investigating how wearable technology is being used for running gait analysis in adults.A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the following scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Information was extracted from each included article regarding the type of study, participants, protocol, wearable device(s), main outcomes/measures, analysis and key findings.A total of 131 articles were reviewed: 56 investigated the validity of wearable technology, 22 examined the reliability and 77 focused on applied use. Most studies used inertial measurement units (n = 62) [i.e. a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers in a single unit] or solely accelerometers (n = 40), with one using gyroscopes alone and 31 using pressure sensors. On average, studies used one wearable device to examine running gait. Wearable locations were distributed among the shank, shoe and waist. The mean number of participants was 26 (± 27), with an average age of 28.3 (± 7.0) years. Most studies took place indoors (n = 93), using a treadmill (n = 62), with the main aims seeking to identify running gait outcomes or investigate the effects of injury, fatigue, intrinsic factors (e.g. age, sex, morphology) or footwear on running gait outcomes. Generally, wearables were found to be valid and reliable tools for assessing running gait compared to reference standards.This comprehensive review highlighted that most studies that have examined running gait using wearable sensors have done so with young adult recreational runners, using one inertial measurement unit sensor, with participants running on a treadmill and reporting outcomes of ground contact time, stride length, stride frequency and tibial acceleration. Future studies are required to obtain consensus regarding terminology, protocols for testing validity and the reliability of devices and suitability of gait outcomes.CRD42021235527.
11 citations
TL;DR: This scoping review examines the current evidences about the use of power output during endurance running and the different commercially available wearable sensors to assess PW and concludes that running power meters need further research before a definitive conclusion regarding its validity and reliability.
Abstract: Mechanical power may act as a key indicator for physiological and mechanical changes during running. In this scoping review, we examine the current evidences about the use of power output (PW) during endurance running and the different commercially available wearable sensors to assess PW. The Boolean phrases endurance OR submaximal NOT sprint AND running OR runner AND power OR power meter, were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, and SCOPUS. Nineteen studies were finally selected for analysis. The current evidence about critical power and both power-time and power-duration relationships in running allow to provide coaches and practitioners a new promising setting for PW quantification with the use of wearable sensors. Some studies have assessed the validity and reliability of different available wearables for both kinematics parameters and PW when running but running power meters need further research before a definitive conclusion regarding its validity and reliability.
10 citations
Cites background or methods from "Running power meters and theoretica..."
...(2018) [32] 12 recreational runners RunScribe wearable sensor 3D motion capture system (Vicon system) 2....
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...Additionally, two further works [30,31] analyse the application of mathematical models, based on power laws, to predict running performance, whereas a recent study [32] assesses the agreement level between two mathematical models and five power meter devices through different running conditions....
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...Furthermore, the level of agreement between these 5 wearable systems was also analysed against two physics theoretical models for PW estimation [10,52] in different running conditions [32], showing that the Stryd and Polar Vantage systems are the most sensitive tools for PW estimation in running given their close agreement with both theoretical models (r > 0....
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...(2018) [32] 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 12 Brayne et al....
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TL;DR: In this paper , the Stryd running power meter and its 9/3-minute critical power (CP) test is used to determine the CP location concerning anaerobic threshold, respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max).
Abstract: PURPOSE
The critical power (CP) concept has been extended from cycling to the running field with the development of wearable monitoring tools. Particularly, the Stryd running power meter and its 9/3-minute CP test is very popular in the running community. Locating this mechanical threshold according to the physiological landmarks would help to define each boundary and intensity domain in the running field. Thus, this study aimed to determine the CP location concerning anaerobic threshold, respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max).
METHOD
A group of 15 high-caliber athletes performed the 9/3-minute Stryd CP test and a graded exercise test in 2 different testing sessions.
RESULTS
Anaerobic threshold, RCP, and CP were located at 73% (5.41%), 86.82% (3.85%), and 88.71% (5.84%) of VO2max, respectively, with a VO2max of 66.3 (7.20) mL/kg/min. No significant differences were obtained between CP and RCP in any of its units (ie, in watts per kilogram and milliliters per kilogram per minute; P ≥ .184).
CONCLUSIONS
CP and RCP represent the same boundary in high-caliber athletes. These results suggest that coaches and athletes can determine the metabolic perturbance threshold that CP and RCP represent in an easy and accessible way.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison is proposed between three possible home consumption scenarios, i.e., one consisting of a current AC system,One consisting of an AC system with a battery, and a third consists of a hybrid AC/DC system withA battery.
Abstract: Nowadays, common electrical household appliances are mostly being powered by means of alternate current (AC), although there are cases where direct current (DC) is used instead. In all cases, internal devices are supplied with DC, and this fact involves there are losses due to the need for AC/DC converters. At the same time, most electrical home consumption takes place during peak hours when electricity is more expensive in many electricity markets. The addition of a battery in these installations permits storing electrical energy during certain periods of the day with the aim of supplying it during other ones—when this operation is more efficient or convenient—simultaneously reducing costs and greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, a comparison is proposed between three possible home consumption scenarios, i.e., one consisting of a current AC system, one consisting of an AC system with a battery, and a third consisting of a hybrid AC/DC system with a battery.
6 citations
References
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TL;DR: An alternative approach, based on graphical techniques and simple calculations, is described, together with the relation between this analysis and the assessment of repeatability.
43,884 citations
TL;DR: It is recommended that sports clinicians and researchers should cite and interpret a number of statistical methods for assessing reliability and encourage the inclusion of the LOA method, especially the exploration of heteroscedasticity that is inherent in this analysis.
Abstract: Minimal measurement error (reliability) during the collection of interval- and ratio-type data is critically important to sports medicine research. The main components of measurement error are systematic bias (e.g. general learning or fatigue effects on the tests) and random error due to biological or mechanical variation. Both error components should be meaningfully quantified for the sports physician to relate the described error to judgements regarding ‘analytical goals’ (the requirements of the measurement tool for effective practical use) rather than the statistical significance of any reliability indicators.
3,284 citations
Book•
15 Aug 1998
TL;DR: Borg's Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales as discussed by the authors is a complete theoretical and methodological guide to the field of human perception that provides guidance and direction on how and when to measure subjective somatic symptoms.
Abstract: Dr. Gunnar Borg introduced the field of perceived exertion in the 1950s. His ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scale is used worldwide by professionals in medicine, exercise physiology, psychology, cardiology, ergonomy, and sports. Now, Dr. Borg presents the definitive source for using the latest RPE and CR10 scales correctly. "Borg's Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales" begins with an overview and history to introduce readers to the field of perceived exertion. The book then covers principles of scaling and applications of both the RPE and the CR10 scaling methods.This user-friendly, informative, and readable text-discusses the fundamental bases of perceived exertion, -presents information on uses and misuses of the scales, and-provides guidance and direction on how and when to measure subjective somatic symptoms.A special appendix in the back of the book includes tear-out cards containing three RPE scales and three CR10 scales. A scale and instructions for how the scale is used are printed on each two-sided card. "Borg's Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales" is the complete theoretical and methodological guide to the field of human perception.
3,228 citations
TL;DR: Gunnar Borg's Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales : Medicine ...
Abstract: Borg's Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales : Medicine ... Gunnar Borg, PhD, introduced the field of perceived exertion during the latter part of the 1950s. Since then, he has won international renown for his work in developing methods for measuring perceived exertion and pain. His method for measuring perceived exertion is the main method used in the field, and his new scale, the Borg CR10 scale, is used for measuring both perceived exertion and pain, and other subjective magnitudes.
3,063 citations
TL;DR: Equality of the energetic cost of treadmill and outdoor running is demonstrated with the use of a 1% treadmill grade over a duration of approximately 5 min and at velocities between 2.92 and 5.0 m s-1.
Abstract: When running indoors on a treadmill, the lack of air resistance results in a lower energy cost compared with running outdoors at the same velocity. A slight incline of the treadmill gradient can be used to increase the energy cost in compensation. The aim of this study was to determine the treadmill gradient that most accurately reflects the energy cost of outdoor running. Nine trained male runners, thoroughly habituated to treadmill running, ran for 6 min at six different velocities (2.92, 3.33, 3.75, 4.17, 4.58 and 5.0 m s‐1) with 6 min recovery between runs. This routine was repeated six times, five times on a treadmill set at different grades (0%, 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) and once outdoors along a level road. Duplicate collections of expired air were taken during the final 2 min of each run to determine oxygen consumption. The repeatability of the methodology was confirmed by high correlations (r = 0.99) and non‐significant differences between the duplicate expired air collections and between the repeated runs...
849 citations