Rural base station powering
03 Apr 2012-pp 1-5
TL;DR: The various sources and loads at the telecom towers are considered, an simulation tool developed using Matlab is introduced, and alternate strategies to significantly reduce costs, energy consumption and carbon footprints are demonstrated.
Abstract: The number of BTS (Base transceiver stations) are increasing as the number of cellphone subscriber base is expanding and hence the need for analyzing the energy consumption of the constituents of the shelter becomes important. This paper briefly considers the various sources and loads at the telecom towers, introduces an simulation tool developed using Matlab, and ends by demonstrating alternate strategies to significantly reduce costs, energy consumption and carbon footprints.
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TL;DR: This paper designs energy-aware cooperation strategies that ensure that the system is energy-saving while satisfying user demands and proposes two heuristic algorithms accounting for the properties of energy savings and the constraints of bandwidth resources.
Abstract: Switching off base stations (BSs) is an effective and efficient energy-saving solution for green cellular networks. The previous works focus mainly on when to switch off BSs without sacrificing the traffic demands of current active users, and then enlarge the coverage of the stay-on cells to cover as many users as possible. Based on this objective, both constant power and transmission power of each BS become the major energy consumption sources. However, the transmission powers of enlarged cells, which have not been taken into account in previous research, are not negligible as compared to other energy consumption sources. To tackle this problem, we observe that the transmission power of one specific BS could be reduced via cooperation among two or more BSs, which is typically used to improve the throughput or enhance the spectrum efficiency in wireless systems. The challenges come mainly from how to jointly consider which BSs to switch off and how to cooperate among active-mode BSs. In this paper, we design energy-aware cooperation strategies that ensure that our system is energy-saving while satisfying user demands. To cope with sleep-mode BSs and perform cooperation among active BSs, we formulate this problem as a binary integer programming problem, and prove it is NP-hard. Based on our formulation, we derive a performance lower bound for this problem via Lagrangian Relaxation with search enumeration. Furthermore, we propose two heuristic algorithms accounting for the properties of energy savings and the constraints of bandwidth resources. The simulation results show that our algorithms outperform pure power control mechanisms that do not consider the transmission power and pure cooperation without power control in terms of the total consumed energy. We also observe that larger cooperative size does not imply a better strategy under different scenarios. Compared to the total consumed energy given that all BSs are turned on, our algorithms can save up to 60 percent of energy. This demonstrates that our methods are indeed efficient energy-saving cooperation strategies for green cellular networks.
25 citations
Cites background from "Rural base station powering"
...To tackle this problem, we observe that the transmission power of one specific BS could be reduced via cooperation among two or more BSs, which is typically used to improve the throughput or enhance the spectrum efficiency in wireless systems....
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TL;DR: This paper presents a comprehensive overview of resource management in cellular BSs powered by RES and an in-depth analysis of power consumption optimization in order to reduce both cost and GHGs, and supports the move towards green communication in to contribute positively towards climate change.
19 citations
01 Dec 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the power requirement of telecom towers in India and financial assessment of various power supply configurations including photovoltaics and wind based renewable energy technologies.
Abstract: The power requirement of telecom towers in India and financial assessment of various power supply configurations including photovoltaics (PV) and wind based renewable energy technologies, are presented in this paper. The electrical load and existing power supply options for telecom towers, and status of power availability in 21 selected locations across the country, are presented. Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is estimated for various potential power supply configurations. Using hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER), optimal designs and techno-economic feasibility assessment of nine power supply configurations under various total levels of (1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 8hr, 12hr and 16hr) power unavailability (continuous and intermittent) are carried out. The estimates of LCOE for different power supply configurations, are found to vary between INR 8.0/kWh to INR 19.04/kWh under continuous power unavailability and INR 8.0/kWh to INR 16.38/kWh under intermittent power unavailability with varying levels of renewable energy fraction (i.e. from 30 % to 58.20%). Among the nine configurations analyzed, the configuration with solar PV array, electric grid and battery, is found to have lowest LCOE in the case of continuous power unavailability for 1hr and 2hr as well as in all cases of intermittent power unavailability. The configuration with solar PV array, wind, electric grid, DG set and a battery, is found to be lowest LCOE when the power is unavailable continuously for 4. Another configuration with solar PV array, electric grid, DG set and battery is found to have lowest LCOE in the case of continuous power unavailability for 8hr, 12hr and 16hr. All these configurations have a provision to sell excess electricity to the grid. LCOE of all the options is much lower than DG set and battery-based configuration.
11 citations
15 May 2015
TL;DR: The key goal of this paper is to establish the cross-over boundary beyond which solar powered installations are better than diesel powered alternatives.
Abstract: Cellular networks in developing regions continue to rely heavily on diesel for energy to provide network coverage due to the paucity of reliable grid power which directly impacts the network's economic viability and long-term sustainability. At the other extreme, solar powered cellular installations have gained prominence but have faced their own adoption challenges including inability to provide adequate and reliable 24×7 power supply, need for large land footprints and lack of efficient power storage. In this paper, we perform a detailed economic cost analysis comparing diesel powered cellular networks with solar powered cellular networks. The key goal of this paper is to establish the cross-over boundary beyond which solar powered installations are better than diesel powered alternatives. We perform a detailed analysis based on actual diesel consumption data from a large telecom operator in a developing region. Using our model, we can also easily perform an extended analysis based on future projections on solar efficiencies and future cellular network designs.
10 citations
Cites background or result from "Rural base station powering"
...First, the traditional design of cell towers are inherently power hungry and require high power budgets which are not easy to meet using just solar powered installations [25]....
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...At the other end of the spectrum, solar powered cell towers have gained prominence in several developing regions [25, 36]....
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...[25] in how we incorporate distance from the city as a crucial metric that determines the operating regimes for the different energy sources under consideration....
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...In contrast to previous work [7, 25] that recommend a decision-theoretic framework to solve a constrained optimization problem where the objective function is the overall energy cost, we specify a novel randomized allocation scheme that assigns a probabilistic weight to the decision behind constructing a base station depending on the parameters of interest....
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01 Dec 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a modification to the existing rooftop base transceiver station (BTS) located in urban area by adding a small solar photo voltaic power plant to existing rooftop BTS.
Abstract: This paper proposes a modification to the existing rooftop Base Transceiver Station (BTS) located in urban area. Due to growing subscriber base the telephone service providers (TSPs) are forced to install more rooftop BTS in densely populated urban areas amid tall concrete buildings. Due to huge running cost incurred on electric energy bills, fuel purchase and rentals, the TSPs are unable to run/maintain a wide spanning network. This scenario can be averted by adding a small solar photo voltaic power plant to existing rooftop BTS. This paper describes techno-economic optimum sizing of a small SPV power plant connected to existing rooftop BTS located in urban area. The prime concern is to determine PV array size for existing battery bank with limited area to install PV modules on rooftop.
4 citations
References
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Proceedings Article•
16 Jun 2010TL;DR: Such power models for macro and micro base stations relying on data sheets of several GSM and UMTS base stations with focus on component level, e.g., power amplifier and cooling equipment are developed.
Abstract: In wireless communications micro cells are potentially more energy efficient than conventional macro cells due to the high path loss exponent. Also, heterogeneous deployments of both cell types can be used to optimize the energy efficiency. Energy efficiency of any deployment is impacted by the power consumption of each individual network element and the dependency of transmit power and load. In this paper we developed such power models for macro and micro base stations relying on data sheets of several GSM and UMTS base stations with focus on component level, e.g., power amplifier and cooling equipment. In a first application of the model a traditional macro cell deployment and a heterogeneous deployment are compared.
686 citations
"Rural base station powering" refers background in this paper
...[2] Oliver Arnold, Fred Richter,Gerhard Fettweis, Oliver Blume ”Power Consumption Modeling of Different Base Station Types in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks “, Future network and mobile summit , 2010 ....
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01 Apr 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated and developed two different battery life prediction methodologies with specific reference to their use in hybrid renewable energy systems and the results from battery tests designed to exercise batteries in similar modes to those that they experience in hybrid systems have also been analysed.
Abstract: The performance and lifetime of energy storage in batteries are an important part of many renewable based energy systems. Not only do batteries impact on the system performance but they are also a significant expenditure when considering the whole life cycle costs. Poor prediction of lifetime can, therefore, lead to uncertainty in the viability of the system in the long term. This report details the work undertaken to investigate and develop two different battery life prediction methodologies with specific reference to their use in hybrid renewable energy systems. Alongside this, results from battery tests designed to exercise batteries in similar modes to those that they experience in hybrid systems have also been analysed. These have yielded battery specific parameters for use in the prediction software and the first results in the validation process of the software are also given. This work has been part of the European Union Benchmarking research project (ENK6-CT-2001-80576), funded by the European Union, the United States and Australian governments together with other European states and other public and private financing bodies. The project has concentrated on lead acid batteries as this technology is the most commonly used. Through this work the project partner institutions have intended to provide useful tools to improve the design capabilities of organizations, private and public, in remote power systems. (au)
210 citations
"Rural base station powering" refers background in this paper
...Cenci' ,“Simulation analysis and test study of BTS power saving techniques“ [4] Henrik Bindner, Tom Cronin, Per Lundsager, James F....
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...Inefficient charging algorithms and varations in the ambient temperature cause significant degradation in the capacity and lifetime of the battery [4]....
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24 Apr 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the thermal analysis of outdoor enclosures (from small to large sizes) that house telecommunications equipment and the different approaches open to engneers for the design and development of thermal management of these systems are presented.
Abstract: In many telecommunications applications, switchinglsignal processing equipment is continuously increasing in capabilities. and more importantly, heat dissipation. The problem starts at the boardsub-component level and grows to the system level. The equipment often must be housed in enclosures that more often than not will be placed outdoors. The housed equipment generates heat that must dissipated while keeping the air temperature inside the cabinets within prescribed limits for optimum performance. Thermal management of all telecommunications systems, thus, becomes of primary importance for any telecommunications operation. This paper will describe the thermal analysis of outdoor enclosures (from small to large sizes) that house telecommunications equipment Furthermore, the different approaches open to engneers for the design and development of thermal management of these systems are presented. Both passive and active means of thermal management are included in the discussion as well as typical auxiliary devices such as air-to-air heat exchangers, air conditioners, phase-change materials, heat pipes, thermosiphons, etc.
10 citations
11 Dec 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a recent study done for power saving in the telecommunication apparatuses of base transceiver stations (BTSs) is presented, where experimental test of a power saving function has been realized.
Abstract: Here we present a recent study done for power saving in the telecommunication apparatuses of Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs). Experimental test of a “power saving function” has been realized. Moreover a simulation “Montecarlo Algorithm” has been developed. Savings for the BTS transmission consumption has been estimated in about 20%.
8 citations
01 Dec 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the effectiveness of different cooling techniques used for outdoor electronics was analyzed and compared in an outdoor electronic enclosure, including white oil paint on the outer surface, radiation shield, double-walled enclosure, fans for internal air circulation and air-to-air heat exchangers.
Abstract: The thermal management of an outdoor electronic enclosure can be quite challenging due to the additional thermal load from the sun and the requirement of having an air-sealed enclosure. It is essential to consider the effect of solar heating loads in the design process; otherwise, it can shorten the life expectancy of the electronic product or lead to catastrophic failure. The main objective of this work is to analyze and compare the effectiveness of different cooling techniques used for outdoor electronics. Various cooling techniques were compared like special coats and paints on the outer surface, radiation shield, double-walled enclosure, fans for internal air circulation and air-to-air heat exchangers. A highly simplified, typical outdoor system was selected for this study measuring approximately 300times300times400 mm (WxLxH). Solar radiation was incident on 3 sides of the enclosure. There were 8 equally spaced PCBs inside the enclosure dissipating 12.5 W each uniformly (100 watts total). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the system was built and analyzed. This was followed by building a mock-up of the system and conducting experiments to validate the CFD model. It was found that some of the simplest cooling techniques like white oil paint on the outer surface can significantly reduce the impact of solar loads. Adding internal circulation fans can also be very effective. Using air-to-air heat exchangers was found to be the most effective solution although it is more complex and costly.
7 citations