Salicylic acid acts as potent enhancer of growth, photosynthesis and artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L.
25 Nov 2010-Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology (The Korean Society of Crop Science)-Vol. 13, Iss: 3, pp 183-188
TL;DR: Salicylic acid acts as a potential plant growth regulator and plays an important role in regulating a number of plant physiological and biochemical processes, and the content and yield of artemisinin was positively regulated by the SA.
Abstract: Plant secondary metabolites constitute the most important class of natural products with diverse and valuable chemical properties and biological activities Artemisinin, isolated from Artemisia annua L, is potentially a drug that could be effective against multidrug-resistant strains of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium Salicylic acid (SA) acts as a potential plant growth regulator and plays an important role in regulating a number of plant physiological and biochemical processes The present study was conducted to assess the alterations in plant growth, photosynthetic capacity, enzyme activities, and content and yield of artemisinin in Artemisia annua L in response to foliar application of SA Four levels of SA (000, 025, 050, and 100 mM SA) were applied on the aboveground plant parts Plant height and dry weight were altered significantly as the level of SA increased Besides, application of SA positively improved chlorophyll and carotenoid contents Furthermore, significant enhancement in net photosynthetic rate (317%) and the activity of nitrate reductase (172%) and carbonic anhydrase (109%) was noticed as the level of SA was increased from 000 to 100 mM SA Most importantly, the content and yield of artemisinin was positively regulated by the SA In comparison to no SA application (control), SA at 100 mM increased the content and yield of artemisinin by 258 and 500%, respectively
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TL;DR: This review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the utilization of biotic and abiotic elicitors in plants and indicates that elicitation can be a powerful aid in the characterization and development of many potentially beneficial medicinal plants.
Abstract: Although there is a plethora of traditional plants with great therapeutic potential, the majority of medicinal plants have yet to be utilized on a large scale. One of the main reasons for this is the chemical variability inherent in plant-derived therapeutics. Many of the medically useful secondary metabolites produced by plants are the result of the latter's response to stress. When medicinal plants taken from the wild are cultivated under “optimal” growing conditions, the natural stressors on the plant are removed and, therefore, the content of secondary metabolites and, consequently, the therapeutic activity of the plants are greatly reduced. A possible aid in overcoming these difficulties is elicitation, the use of biotic and abiotic elicitors to stimulate the stress response in plants and increase the content of biologically active compounds. Elicitation has already been utilized in the study of disease resistance in plants, as well as in metabolic studies in cell culture. Elicitation can also be a powerful aid in the characterization and development of many potentially beneficial medicinal plants. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the utilization of biotic and abiotic elicitors in plants.
113 citations
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...annua (Aftab et al., 2010; Pu et al., 2009)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the role of salicylic acid (SA) in inducing salinity tolerance was studied in Artemisia annua L., which is a major source of the antimalarial drug artemisinin.
Abstract: In the present investigation, the role of salicylic acid (SA) in inducing salinity tolerance was studied in Artemisia annua L., which is a major source of the antimalarial drug artemisinin. SA, when applied at 1.00 mM, provided considerable protection against salt stress imposed by adding 50, 100, or 200 mM NaCl to soil. Salt stress negatively affected plant growth as assessed by length and dry weight of shoots and roots. Salinity also reduced the values of photosynthetic attributes and total chlorophyll content and inhibited the activities of nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase. Furthermore, salt stress significantly increased electrolyte leakage and proline content. Salt stress also induced oxidative stress as indicated by the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation compared to the control. A foliar spray of SA at 1.00 mM promoted the growth of plants, independent of salinity level. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, was upregulated by salt stress and was further enhanced by SA treatment. Artemisinin content increased at 50 and 100 mM NaCl but decreased at 200 mM NaCl. The application of SA further enhanced artemisinin content when applied with 50 and 100 mM NaCl by 18.3 and 52.4%, respectively. These results indicate that moderate saline conditions can be exploited to obtain higher artemisinin content in A. annua plants, whereas the application of SA can be used to protect plant growth and induce its antioxidant defense system under salt stress.
105 citations
TL;DR: The combined seed soaking in SA + foliar spray with MLE treatment was found to be highly effective at improving the growth and yields of bean plants by alleviating the inhibitory effects of soil salinity stress.
103 citations
TL;DR: The role of exogenous application of SA in regulating diverse physiological and biochemical processes in healthy and stressed plants is evaluated and the cross talk of SA with other phytohormones and polyamines under normal and stressed conditions is discussed.
91 citations
TL;DR: Salicylic acid (SA) is a common, plant-produced signal molecule that is responsible for inducing tolerance to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses, such as salt stress.
Abstract: Salicylic acid (SA) is a common, plant-produced signal molecule that is responsible for inducing tolerance to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. An experiment was therefore conducted to test whether the application of SA at various concentrations (0, 0.10, 0.50, or 1.00 mM) as a foliar spray would protect pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) seedlings subjected to salt stress (0, 30, 60, or 90 mM NaCl). SA improved growth rate of pistachio seedlings under salt stress and increased relative leaf chlorophyll content, relative water content, chlorophyll fluorescence ratio, and photosynthetic capacity as compared with the control at the end of salt stress. SA ameliorated the salt stress injuries by inhibiting increases in proline content and leaf electrolyte leakage. It appeared the best ameliorative remedies of SA obtained when pistachio seedlings were sprayed at 0.50 and 1.00 mM.
91 citations
Cites background from "Salicylic acid acts as potent enhan..."
...An increase in growth parameters of salt affected plants in response to SA might be related to the protective role of SA on membranes that might increase the tolerance of plants to salt stress (Aftab et al. 2010)....
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References
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TL;DR: This paper deals with the estimation of chlorophyll in plant extracts by application of absorption coefficients of the isolated solid chlorophylla components, and the question of artifacts is automatically clarified.
3,897 citations
TL;DR: Derivatives of QHS, such as dihydroqinghaosu, artemether, and the water-soluble sodium artesunate, appear to be more potent than QHS itself, and offer promise as a totally new class of antimalarials.
Abstract: The herb Artemisia annua has been used for many centuries in Chinese traditional medicine as a treatment for fever and malaria. In 1971, Chinese chemists isolated from the leafy portions of the plant the substance responsible for its reputed medicinal action. This compound, called qinghaosu (QHS, artemisinin), is a sesquiterpene lactone that bears a peroxide grouping and, unlike most other antimalarials, lacks a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring system. The compound has been used successfully in several thousand malaria patients in China, including those with both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Derivatives of QHS, such as dihydroqinghaosu, artemether, and the water-soluble sodium artesunate, appear to be more potent than QHS itself. Sodium artesunate acts rapidly in restoring to consciousness comatose patients with cerebral malaria. Thus QHS and its derivatives offer promise as a totally new class of antimalarials.
2,025 citations
"Salicylic acid acts as potent enhan..." refers background in this paper
...Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone with a peroxide group, has been held responsible for antimalarial activity (Klayman 1985)....
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...Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone with a peroxide group, has been held responsible for antimalarial activity ( Klayman 1985 )....
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01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: Salicylic Acid : A Likely Signal for Disease Resistance in Plants and Search for Calorigen, and Other Effects of Exogenously Applied Salicylic acid.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ........ .. . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 History of Salicylates .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 General Properties of Salicylic Acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Salicylic Acid Levels in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS SALICYLIC A CID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Salicylic Acid and Flowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Allelopathic Properties of Salicylic Acid : Effect on Membranes and Ion Uptake. .. . 444 Other Effects of Exogenously Applied Salicylic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 SALICYLIC ACID A ND H EAT PRODU CTION IN PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 445 Thermogenic Plants and Search for Calorigen. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . 445 Salicylic Acid : A Natural Inducer of Thermogenesis in Arum Lilies . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . 446 SALICYLIC ACID A ND D IS EAS E RES ISTANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Disease Resistance in Plants: Effects of Salicylic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Salicylic Acid : A Likely Signal for Disease Resistance in Plants. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 450 SALICYLIC ACID BIOSYNTHES IS IN PLANTS . .. . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 451 Biosynthetic Pathway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Biosynthetic Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 SALICYLIC ACID M ETABOLISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 MI CRO BIAL PRODU CT IO N OF SALICYLIC ACID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 CO NCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,299 citations
"Salicylic acid acts as potent enhan..." refers background in this paper
...2007), and a variety of metabolic events (Raskin 1992; Lee et al. 1995)....
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...Out of a variety of PGRs, SA has been shown to influence diverse plant developmental processes such as stomatal regulation (Arfan et al. 2007), photosynthesis, growth (Khan et al. 2003; Arfan et al. 2007), and a variety of metabolic events (Raskin 1992; Lee et al. 1995)....
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TL;DR: The measurement of nitrate reductase activity in intact plant tissue based on reduction of nitrates to nitrite is facilitated by the use of propanol and other organic solvents added to the incubation medium.
1,135 citations
"Salicylic acid acts as potent enhan..." refers methods in this paper
...Determination of nitrate reductase (NR) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity Nitrate reductase (E.C. 1.6.6.1) activity in the fresh leaves was determined by the intact tissue assay method of Jaworski (1971)....
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01 Jun 1999
TL;DR: A complete three-dimensional dimeric NR structure model was built from structures of sulfite oxidase and cytochrome b reductase, and key active site residues have been investigated.
Abstract: Nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1-3) catalyzes NAD(P)H reduction of nitrate to nitrite. NR serves plants, algae, and fungi as a central point for integration of metabolism by governing flux of reduced nitrogen by several regulatory mechanisms. The NR monomer is composed of a ~100-kD polypeptide and one each of FAD, heme-iron, and molybdenum-molybdopterin (Mo-MPT). NR has eight sequence segments: (a) N-terminal "acidic" region; (b) Mo-MPT domain with nitrate-reducing active site; (c) interface domain; (d) Hinge 1 containing serine phosphorylated in reversible activity regulation with inhibition by 14-3-3 binding protein; (e) cytochrome b domain; (f) Hinge 2; (g) FAD domain; and (h) NAD(P)H domain. The cytochrome b reductase fragment contains the active site where NAD(P)H transfers electrons to FAD. A complete three-dimensional dimeric NR structure model was built from structures of sulfite oxidase and cytochrome b reductase. Key active site residues have been investigated. NR structure, function, and regulation are now becoming understood.
699 citations
"Salicylic acid acts as potent enhan..." refers background in this paper
...This membrane stabilization could have facilitated the increased uptake of nutrients including the nitrate (NR activity inducer), thereby, increasing the NR activity in the leaves (Campbell 1999)....
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...The increase in the uptake of various nutrients, including NO3, and the resultant activation of NR, is well established under normal growth conditions (Campbell 1999)....
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