Salt tolerance mechanisms in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
TL;DR: The potential of quinoa for cultivation in salt-affected regions is discussed and as a basis for further research in the field of plant salt tolerance is discussed.
About: This article is published in Environmental and Experimental Botany.The article was published on 2013-08-01. It has received 250 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Chenopodium quinoa & Halophyte.
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TL;DR: The use of halophytes may be a viable commercial alternative to ease pressure on the requirement of good quality land and water for conventional cropping systems and the utilization of land degraded by salinity as mentioned in this paper.
333 citations
TL;DR: The International Year of Quinoa was declared by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFPA) in 2013 as mentioned in this paper, and the main characteristics of quinoa, its origin and genetic diversity, its exceptional tolerance to drought and salinity, its nutritional properties, the reasons why this crop can offer several ecosystem services, and the role of Andean farmers in preserving its agrobiodiversity.
Abstract: Climate change is rapidly degrading the conditions of crop production. For instance, increasing salinization and aridity is forecasted to increase in most parts of the world. As a consequence, new stress-tolerant species and genotypes must be identified and used for future agriculture. Stress-tolerant species exist but are actually underutilized and neglected. Many stress-tolerant species are indeed traditional crops that are only cultivated by farmers at a local scale. Those species have a high biodiversity value. Besides, the human population will probably reach nine billion within coming decades. To keep pace with population growth, food production must increase dramatically despite the limited availability of cultivable land and water. Here, we review the benefits of quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd., a seed crop that has endured the harsh bioclimatic conditions of the Andes since ancient times. Although the crop is still mainly produced in Bolivia and Peru, agronomic trials and cultivation are spreading to many other countries. Quinoa maintains productivity on rather poor soils and under conditions of water shortage and high salinity. Moreover, quinoa seeds are an exceptionally nutritious food source, owing to their high protein content with all essential amino acids, lack of gluten, and high content of several minerals, e.g., Ca, Mg, Fe, and health-promoting compounds such as flavonoids. Quinoa has a vast genetic diversity resulting from its fragmented and localized production over the centuries in the Andean region, from Ecuador to southern Chile, and from sea level to the altiplano. Quinoa can be adapted to diverse agroecological conditions worldwide. Year 2013 has therefore been declared the International Year of Quinoa by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Here, we review the main characteristics of quinoa, its origin and genetic diversity, its exceptional tolerance to drought and salinity, its nutritional properties, the reasons why this crop can offer several ecosystem services, and the role of Andean farmers in preserving its agrobiodiversity. Finally, we propose a schematic model integrating the fundamental factors that should determine the future utilization of quinoa, in terms of food security, biodiversity conservation, and cultural identity.
247 citations
Cites background from "Salt tolerance mechanisms in quinoa..."
...…to the harsh climatic conditions of the Andes, exhibits remarkable tolerance to several abiotic stresses (Jacobsen et al. 2003), such as frost (Jacobsen et al. 2005), salinity (Adolf et al. 2013; Hariadi et al. 2011; Shabala et al. 2013), and drought (Jacobsen et al. 2012; Pulvento et al. 2010)....
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...In this context, quinoa is a good model crop, useful for investigating the mechanisms that plants adopt to deal with high salinity and drought tolerance (Adolf et al. 2013; Orsini et al. 2011; Pulvento et al. 2012; Ruiz-Carrasco et al. 2011; Shabala et al. 2013)....
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TL;DR: It is argued that the current trend of targeting Na(+) exclusion mechanisms in breeding programmes for salinity tolerance in crops needs revising, and it is proposed that progress in this area will be achieved by learning from halophytes, naturally salt-loving plants capable of surviving in harsh saline environments.
221 citations
TL;DR: Halophytes of the lower coastal salt marsh show increased salt tolerance, and under high salinity they grow faster than upper marsh species, and this indicates limited energy costs associated with high-salt tolerance in plants of genera such as Salicornia, providing a good perspective of saline agriculture cultivating SalicCalifornia as a vegetable crop.
194 citations
TL;DR: This review critically analyses past and present halophyte-based production systems in the context of genetics, physiology, agrotechnical issues and product value.
185 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests, and the Soil-Root Interface (Rhizosphere) in Relation to Mineral Nutrition.
Abstract: Nutritional Physiology: Introduction, Definition, and Classification of Mineral Nutrients. Ion Uptake Mechanisms of Individual Cells and Roots: Short Distance Transport. Long-Distance Transport in the Xylem and Phloem and its Regulation. Uptake and Release of Mineral Elements by Leaves and Other Aerial Plant Parts. Yield and the Source-Sink Relationships. Mineral Nutrition and Yield Response. Nitrogen Fixation. Functions of Mineral Nutrients: Macronutrients. Function of Mineral Nutrients: Micronutrients. Beneficial Mineral Elements. Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests. Diagnosis of Deficiency and Toxicity of Mineral Nutrients. Plant-Soil Relationships: Nutrient Availability in Soils. Effect of Internal and External Factors on Root Growth and Development. The Soil-Root Interface (Rhizosphere) in Relation to Mineral Nutrition. Adaptation of Plants to Adverse Chemical Soil Conditions. References. Subject Index.
18,276 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the relationship between mineral nutrition and plant diseases and pests, and diagnose deficiency and toxicity of mineral nutrients in leaves and other aerial parts of a plant.
Abstract: Nutritional Physiology: Introduction, Definition, and Classification of Mineral Nutrients. Ion Uptake Mechanisms of Individual Cells and Roots: Short Distance Transport. Long-Distance Transport in the Xylem and Phloem and its Regulation. Uptake and Release of Mineral Elements by Leaves and Other Aerial Plant Parts. Yield and the Source-Sink Relationships. Mineral Nutrition and Yield Response. Nitrogen Fixation. Functions of Mineral Nutrients: Macronutrients. Function of Mineral Nutrients: Micronutrients. Beneficial Mineral Elements. Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests. Diagnosis of Deficiency and Toxicity of Mineral Nutrients. Plant-Soil Relationships: Nutrient Availability in Soils. Effect of Internal and External Factors on Root Growth and Development. The Soil-Root Interface (Rhizosphere) in Relation to Mineral Nutrition. Adaptation of Plants to Adverse Chemical Soil Conditions. References. Subject Index.
16,025 citations
TL;DR: The physiological and molecular mechanisms of tolerance to osmotic and ionic components of salinity stress are reviewed at the cellular, organ, and whole-plant level and the role of the HKT gene family in Na(+) exclusion from leaves is increasing.
Abstract: The physiological and molecular mechanisms of tolerance to osmotic and ionic components of salinity stress are reviewed at the cellular, organ, and whole-plant level. Plant growth responds to salinity in two phases: a rapid, osmotic phase that inhibits growth of young leaves, and a slower, ionic phase that accelerates senescence of mature leaves. Plant adaptations to salinity are of three distinct types: osmotic stress tolerance, Na + or Cl − exclusion, and the tolerance of tissue to accumulated Na + or Cl − . Our understanding of the role of the HKT gene family in Na + exclusion from leaves is increasing, as is the understanding of the molecular bases for many other transport processes at the cellular level. However, we have a limited molecular understanding of the overall control of Na + accumulation and of osmotic stress tolerance at the whole-plant level. Molecular genetics and functional genomics provide a new opportunity to synthesize molecular and physiological knowledge to improve the salinity tolerance of plants relevant to food production and environmental sustainability.
9,966 citations
TL;DR: An introduction for the novice into the methodology and applications of chlorophyll fluorescence is provided and a selection of examples are used to illustrate the types of information that fluorescence can provide.
Abstract: typically written from a biophysicist’s or a molecular plant physiologist’s point of view (Horton and Bowyer, Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis has become one of 1990; Krause and Weis, 1991; Govindjee, 1995). The aim the most powerful and widely used techniques avail- of this review is to provide a simple, practical guide to able to plant physiologists and ecophysiologists. This chlorophyll fluorescence for those beginners who are review aims to provide an introduction for the novice interested in applying the technique in both field and into the methodology and applications of chlorophyll laboratory situations. Whilst the principles behind the fluorescence. After a brief introduction into the theor- measurements will be discussed briefly, the emphasis will etical background of the technique, the methodology be on the applications and limitations of this technique and some of the technical pitfalls that can be encoun- in plant ecophysiology. tered are explained. A selection of examples is then used to illustrate the types of information that fluorescence can provide. The basis of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements
7,721 citations
TL;DR: It is important to avoid treatments that induce cell plasmolysis, and to design experiments that distinguish between tolerance of salt and tolerance of water stress, to understand the processes that give rise toolerance of salt, as distinct from tolerance of osmotic stress.
Abstract: Plant responses to salt and water stress have much in common. Salinity reduces the ability of plants to take up water, and this quickly causes reductions in growth rate, along with a suite of metabolic changes identical to those caused by water stress. The initial reduction in shoot growth is probably due to hormonal signals generated by the roots. There may be salt-specific effects that later have an impact on growth; if excessive amounts of salt enter the plant, salt will eventually rise to toxic levels in the older transpiring leaves, causing premature senescence, and reduce the photosynthetic leaf area of the plant to a level that cannot sustain growth. These effects take time to develop. Salttolerant plants differ from salt-sensitive ones in having a low rate of Na + and Cl ‐ transport to leaves, and the ability to compartmentalize these ions in vacuoles to prevent their build-up in cytoplasm or cell walls and thus avoid salt toxicity. In order to understand the processes that give rise to tolerance of salt, as distinct from tolerance of osmotic stress, and to identify genes that control the transport of salt across membranes, it is important to avoid treatments that induce cell plasmolysis, and to design experiments that distinguish between tolerance of salt and tolerance of water stress.
5,868 citations