Sand lance: a review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography.
01 Jan 2000-Vol. 521
TL;DR: Sand lance constitute a major prey for at least some populations of over 100 species of consumer, including 40 species of birds, 12 species of marine mammals, 45 species of fishes, and some invertebrates.
Abstract: Robards, Martin D.; Willson, Mary F.; Armstrong, Robert H.; Piatt, John F., eds. 1999. Sand lance: a review of biology and predator relations and annotated bibliography. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-521. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 327 p. Six species of sand lance (Ammodytes) in temperate and boreal regions are currently recognized. Sand lance can occupy a wide range of environmental conditions, but all appear to be dormant predominantly in winter, and one species is in summer also. They lack a swim bladder and spend much of their time buried in specific substrates. Copepods are the primary food. Spawning usually occurs in fall or winter (although some species also spawn in spring), eggs are demersal, and larvae may hatch at times of low food abundance. Sand lance usually occur in schools and are regarded as a relatively high-quality forage fish. Sand lance constitute a major prey for at least some populations of over 100 species of consumer, including 40 species of birds, 12 species of marine mammals, 45 species of fishes, and some invertebrates. Variation in the availability of sand lance (and other forage fishes) can have major effects on the breeding success and survival of their predators. Commercial fishing and other pressures on sand lance populations potentially have ramifying effects on many species of wildlife. The bibliography contains over 1,700 references on the family Ammodytidae, with an emphasis on the genus Ammodytes.
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830 citations
01 Jun 1983
TL;DR: The primary conditions in the gravel that influence survival during dewatering are residual flow, moisture retention, temperature, gravel composition, dissolved oxygen, alevin behavior, and species characteristics as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Extensive water use may alter stream flows so that areas used by spawning salmonids are dewatered, thus exposing intergravel development phases to suddenly changed physical and chemical conditions. Environmental alteration may result in considerable mortality, particularly of the more vulnerable post-hatch phases. Five documented case histories of redd dewatering are reviewed. The primary conditions in the gravel that influence survival during dewatering are residual flow, moisture retention, temperature, gravel composition, dissolved oxygen, alevin behavior, and species characteristics. These factors are discussed and their complex relationships are evaluated. Considerable variation in intergravel conditions can be expected during dewatering at different locations. Onsite studies are needed to obtain data for assessment of potential impacts in other dewatering situations, and for development of effective mitigation procedures. 4 figs.
268 citations
01 May 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of climate and fisheries on seabird breeding success were investigated in the North Sea by using biologically meaningful oceanographic indices to separate the effect of climate, fisheries, and top predators.
Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction I. L. Boyd, S. Wanless and C. J. Campheysen 2. Effects of fisheries on ecosystems: just another top predator? Andrew W. Trites, Villy Christensen and Daniel Pauly 3. Physical forcing in the southwest Atlantic: ecosystem control P. N. Trathan, E. J. Murphy, J. Forcada, J. P. Croxall, K. Reid and S. E. Thorpe 4. The use of biologically meaningful oceanographic indices to separate the effects of climate and fisheries on seabird breeding success B. E. Scott, J. Sharples, S. Wanless, O. Ross, M. Frederiksen and F. Daunt 5. Linking predator foraging behaviour and diet with variability in continental shelf ecosystems: grey seals of eastern Canada W. D. Bowen, C. A. Beck, S. J. Iverson, D. Austin, and J. I. McMillan 6. Distribution and foraging interactions of seabirds and marine mammals in the North Sea: multi-species foraging assemblages and habitat-specific feeding strategies. C. J. Camphuysen, Beth Scott and Sarah Wanless 7. Spatial and temporal variation in the diets of polar bears across the Canadian Arctic: indicators of changes in prey populations and environment Sara J. Iverson, Ian Stirling, and Shelley L. C. Lang 8. Biophysical influences on seabird trophic assessments W. A. Montevecchi, S. Garthe and G. K. Davoren 9. Consequences of prey distribution for the foraging behaviour of top predators Iain J Staniland, Phil Trathan and Anthony R. Martin 10. Identifying drivers of change did fisheries play a role in the spread of North Atlantic fulmars? Paul M. Thompson 11. Monitoring predator-prey interactions using multiple predator species: the South Georgia experience J. P. Croxall 12. Impacts of oceanography on the foraging dynamics of seabirds in the North Sea F. Daunt, S. Wanless, G. Peters, S. Benvenuti, J. Sharples, D. Gremillet and B. Scott 13. Foraging energetics of North Sea birds confronted with fluctuating prey availability M. R. Enstipp, F. Daunt, S. Wanless, E. M. Humphreys, K. C. Hamer, S. Benvenuti and D. Gremillet 14. How many fish should we leave in the sea for seabirds and marine mammals? Robert W. Furness 15. Does the prohibition of industrial fishing for sandeels have any impact on local gadoid populations? Simon P. R. Greenstreet 16. Use of gannets to monitor prey availability in the NE Atlantic Ocean: colony size, diet and foraging behaviour Keith C. Hamer, Sue Lewis, Sarah Wanless, Richard A. Phillips, Tom N. Sherratt, Elizabeth M. Humphreys, Janos Hennicke and Stefan Garthe 17. Population dynamics of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba at South Georgia - sampling with predators provides new insights K. Reid, E. J. Murphy, J. P. Croxall and P. N. Trathan 18. The functional response of generalist predators and its implications for the monitoring of marine ecosystems Christian Asseburg, John Harwood, Jason Matthiopoulos and Sophie Smout 19. The method of multiple hypotheses and the decline of Steller Sea Lions in western Alaska Nicholas Wolf, Jason Melbourne and Marc Mangel 20. Modelling the behaviour of individuals and groups of animals foraging in heterogeneous environments J. G. Ollason, J. M. Yearsley, K. Liu and N. Ren 21. The scenario Barents Sea study: a case of minimal realistic modelling to compare management strategies for marine ecosystems Tore Schweder 22. Setting management goals using information from predators Andrew J. Constable 23. Marine reserves and higher predators Sascha K. Hooker 24. Marine management: can objectives be set for marine top predators? Mark L. Tasker.
161 citations
01 Jan 1997
128 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1932
TL;DR: In this article, the mechanism by which fish are killed is uncertain, but preliminary results indicate that fish are presumably affected by some toxic substances released during the bloom of this dinoflagellate.
Abstract: Cochlodinium Type '78 Yatsushiro (Fig. 1), occurs almost exclusively in Yatsushiro Sea, southwest of Kyushu Island, and is incriminated in mass mortality of cultured fish such as yellowtail and red sea bream in this region.1) The mechanism by which fish are killed is uncertain, but our preliminary research results indicate that fish are presumably affected by some toxic substances released during the bloom of this dinoflagellate.
106 citations
References
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01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the physical environment and the interstitial environment of the coastal Dune Ecosystems and Dune-beach Interactions and conclude that human impacts on the Dune ecosystem are significant.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. The Physical Environment 3. The Interstitial Environment 4. Beach and Surf Zone Flora 5. Sandy Beach Invertebrates 6. Adaptation to Sandy Beach Life 7. Benthic Macrofauna Communities 8. Benthic Macrofauna Populations 9. Interstitial Ecology 10. Surf Zone Fauna 11. Turtles and Terrestrial Vertebrates 12. Energetics and Nutrient Cycling 13. Coastal Dune Ecosystems and Dune-beach Interactions 13. Conclusions 14. Human Impacts 15. Coastal Zone Management 16. Glossary 17. References 18. Appendices
1,249 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1925
TL;DR: The first part of the general report, dealing with the fishes was published in 1925, as Bulletin of the United States Bureau of FisherIes, and subsequent parts describing the plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf and the physical Characteristics of its waters were published in 1926-27, as Part 2. as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: During the summer of 1912 the Bureau of Fisheries with the cooperation of the Museum of Com;arative Zoology of Harvard Un~vers~ty, cOInInenced an oceanographic and bIOlogIcal survey of the Gulf of Maine, with special reference to its fishes to its floating plants and animals (Plankton), to the physical and chemical state of its waters and to the circulation of the latter. Cruises ;ere made on the Fisheries schooner Grampu8 during the summers and autumns of 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915 and 1916, and during the winters and springs of 1913 and 1915. The work Was interrupted by the war, but was resumed with a cruise of the Fisheries steamer Albatross in the late winter and spring of 1920, and was continued by the Fisheries steamer Halcyon during the winter and spring of 1920-21, and the summers of 1921 and 1922. The first part of the general report, dealing with the fishes was published in 1925, as Bulletin ~o (Pt. 1) of the United States Bureau of FisherIes; 1 SUbsequent parts describing the plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf and the physical Characteristics of its waters were published in 1926-27, as Part 2. The preparation of the section on the fishes was assigned originally to W. W. Welsh, who had gathered a large body of original observations on the growth, reproduction, diet, and other phases of the lives of many of the more important species. The report was far advanced when it was interrupted by his untimely death, and H. B. Bigelow ~dertook to carry it to publication along the Imes originally laid down. The new edition, entailing a general revision and the addition of In'Uch new lnaterial, has been prepared jointly by !: B. Bigelow and by W. C. Schroeder.
1,143 citations
830 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: For the past twenty years, the standard reference on the varieties of species native to the Canadian Atlantic region was A.H. Scott's Fishes of the Atlantic Coast of Canada, now replaced as a comprehensive guide to over 500 species found the region.
Abstract: For the past twenty years, the standard reference on the varieties of species native to the Canadian Atlantic region was A.H. Leim and W.B. Scott's Fishes of the Atlantic Coast of Canada. This new work, by W.B. Scott in collaboration with M.G. Scott, now replaces the earlier volume as a comprehensive guide to over 500 species found the region. Arranged in three parts, it offers keys to families, or major categories, and to the members, ot species, within each family. Accounts for each include habitat, reproduction, food, growth, predation, parasites and diseases, distribution, utilization, and physical description. An introduction provides an overview of Canadian Atlantic fisheries and the oceanography of the region. Fully illustrated, this long awaited volume will be indispensable to all those involved in the fisheries resource and allied studies.
817 citations