Sand Production Management during Marine Natural Gas Hydrate Exploitation: Review and an Innovative Solution
TL;DR: In this article, sustainable, efficient, and safe NGH development is discussed in the context of natural gas hydrate (NGH) as a promising alternative energy source for renewable energy.
Abstract: Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is widely distributed worldwide with great reserves and is generally accepted as a promising alternative energy source. However, sustainable, efficient, and safe NGH devel...
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23 May 2022
11 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a series of triaxial shear tests were carried out to analyze the deformation behaviors of reconstituted clayey-silt samples containing tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate.
Abstract: Mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) are crucial for evaluating drilling- and production-induced geo-hazards. However, investigations on mechanical behaviors of clayey-silt samples containing hydrate are insufficient due to low efficiency in preparing reconstituted hydrate-bearing samples. Herein, we carried out a series of triaxial shear tests to analyze the deformation behaviors of reconstituted clayey-silt samples containing tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate. The sediments were taken from the Shenhu Area, northern South China Sea. The failure mechanisms during shearing are discussed based on micro-to-macro analyses. The results imply that the stress-strain curves show obvious strain-hardening under triaxial shearing, which can be divided into elastic deformation stage, transitional stage, and plastic deformation stage. Besides, the results reveal that cohesion strengthens from 0.09 MPa to 1.28 MPa when hydrate saturation increases from 15% to 60%. Moreover, calculation models are proposed to evaluate failure strengths and Young’s modulus. Establishing empirical formula based on experimental data can quickly determine the strength parameters with knowing the hydrate saturation and stress state of clayey-silt sediments containing hydrate. It is urgent in field operations and numerical simulation to use reliable empirical models.
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TL;DR: Natural gas hydrates have an important bearing on flow assurance and safety issues in oil and gas pipelines, they offer a largely unexploited means of energy recovery and transportation, and could play a significant role in past and future climate change.
Abstract: Natural gas hydrates are solid, non-stoichiometric compounds of small gas molecules and water. They form when the constituents come into contact at low temperature and high pressure. The physical properties of these compounds, most notably that they are non-flowing crystalline solids that are denser than typical fluid hydrocarbons and that the gas molecules they contain are effectively compressed, give rise to numerous applications in the broad areas of energy and climate effects. In particular, they have an important bearing on flow assurance and safety issues in oil and gas pipelines, they offer a largely unexploited means of energy recovery and transportation, and they could play a significant role in past and future climate change.
2,419 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss three important aspects of gas hydrates: their potential as a fossil fuel resource, their role as a submarine geohazard, and their effects on global climate change.
Abstract: Gas hydrates are naturally ocurring solids consisting of water molecules forming a lattice of cages, most of which contain a molecule of natural gas, usually methane. The present article discusses three important aspects of gas hydrates: their potential as a fossil fuel resource, their role as a submarine geohazard, and their effects on global climate change. 70 refs., 16 figs., 1 tab.
1,364 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review various studies on resource potential of natural gas hydrate, the current research progress in laboratory settings, and several recent field trials, and discuss possible limitation in each production method and the challenges to be addressed for large scale production.
1,236 citations
TL;DR: A series of recent field expeditions have provided new insights into the nature of gas hydrate occurrence; perhaps most notably, the understanding that gas hydrates occur in a wide variety of geologic settings and modes of occurrence.
Abstract: For the past three decades, discussion of naturally-occurring gas hydrates has been framed by a series of assessments that indicate enormous global volumes of methane present within gas hydrate accumulations. At present, these estimates continue to range over several orders of magnitude, creating great uncertainty in assessing those two gas hydrate issues that relate most directly to resource volumes – gas hydrate’s potential as an energy resource and its possible role in ongoing climate change. However, a series of recent field expeditions have provided new insights into the nature of gas hydrate occurrence; perhaps most notably, the understanding that gas hydrates occur in a wide variety of geologic settings and modes of occurrence. These fundamental differences - which include gas hydrate concentration, host lithology, distribution within the sediment matrix, burial depth, water depth, and many others - can now be incorporated into evaluations of gas hydrate energy resource and environmental issues. With regard to energy supply potential, field data combined with advanced numerical simulation have identified gas-hydrate-bearing sands as the most feasible initial targets for energy recovery. The first assessments of potential technically-recoverable resources are now occurring, enabling a preliminary estimate of ultimate global recoverable volumes on the order of ~3 × 1014 m3 (1016 ft3; ∼150 GtC). Other occurrences, such as gas hydrate-filled fractures in clay-dominated reservoirs, may also become potential energy production targets in the future; but as yet, no production concept has been demonstrated. With regard to the climate implications of gas hydrate, an analogous partitioning of global resources to determine that portion most prone to dissociation during specific future warming scenarios is needed. At present, it appears that these two portions of total gas hydrate resources (those that are the most likely targets for gas extraction and those that are the most likely to respond in a meaningful way to climate change) will be largely exclusive, as those deposits that are the most amenable to production (the more deeply buried and localized accumulations) are also those that are the most poorly coupled to oceanic and atmospheric conditions.
1,060 citations
BP1
TL;DR: The most widely cited estimate of global hydrate-bound gas is 21×1015 m3 of methane at STP (or ∼10,000 Gt of methane carbon), which is proposed as a consensus value from several independent estimations as mentioned in this paper.
967 citations