SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area.

doi:10.1016/J.WATRES.2020.115942

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SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area.

Journal Article•DOI•

SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area.

Walter Randazzo¹, Pilar Truchado², Enric Cuevas-Ferrando², Pedro Simón, Ana Allende², Gloria Sánchez² - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

University of Valencia¹, Spanish National Research Council²

16 May 2020-Water Research (Elsevier)-Vol. 181, pp 115942-115942

TL;DR: The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in early stages of the spread of COVID-19 highlights the relevance of this strategy as an early indicator of the infection within a specific population.

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About: This article is published in Water Research.The article was published on 2020-05-16 and is currently open access. It has received 881 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.

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First environmental surveillance for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and river water in Japan.

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Eiji Haramoto¹, Bikash Malla¹, Ocean Thakali¹, Masaaki Kitajima²•Institutions (2)

University of Yamanashi¹, Hokkaido University²

01 Oct 2020-Science of The Total Environment

TL;DR: Comparison with the reported COVID-19 cases in Yamanashi Prefecture showed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the secondary-treated wastewater sample when the cases peaked in the community.

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425 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Temporal Detection and Phylogenetic Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in Municipal Wastewater.

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Artem Nemudryi¹, Anna Nemudraia¹, Tanner Wiegand¹, Kevin Surya¹, Murat Buyukyoruk¹, Calvin Cicha¹, Karl K Vanderwood, Royce A. Wilkinson¹, Blake Wiedenheft¹ - Show less +5 more•Institutions (1)

Montana State University¹

22 Sep 2020

TL;DR: It is shown that changes in SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations follow symptom onset gathered by retrospective interview of patients but precedes clinical test results, and how genome sequencing can be used for genotyping viral strains circulating in a community.

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Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 has recently been detected in feces, which indicates that wastewater may be used to monitor viral prevalence in the community. Here, we use RT-qPCR to monitor wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 RNA over a 74-day time course. We show that changes in SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations follow symptom onset gathered by retrospective interview of patients but precedes clinical test results. In addition, we determine a nearly complete (98.5%) SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence from wastewater and use phylogenetic analysis to infer viral ancestry. Collectively, this work demonstrates how wastewater can be used as a proxy to monitor viral prevalence in the community and how genome sequencing can be used for genotyping viral strains circulating in a community.

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415 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Presence and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers.

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Sara Giordana Rimoldi, Fabrizio Stefani¹, Anna Gigantiello, Stefano Polesello¹, Francesco Comandatore², Davide Mileto, Mafalda Maresca, Concetta Longobardi, Alessandro Mancon, Francesca Romeri, Cristina Pagani, Francesca Cappelli³, Claudio Roscioli¹, Lorenzo Moja², Maria Rita Gismondo, Franco Salerno¹ - Show less +12 more•Institutions (3)

IRSA¹, University of Milan², University of Insubria³

20 Nov 2020-Science of The Total Environment

TL;DR: Risks for public health should be limited, although a precautionary approach to risk assessment is here advocated, giving the preliminary nature of the presented data.

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387 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

First detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in North America: A study in Louisiana, USA.

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Samendra P. Sherchan¹, Shalina Shahin¹, Lauren M. Ward¹, Sarmila Tandukar², Tiong Gim Aw¹, Bradley W. Schmitz, Warish Ahmed³, Masaaki Kitajima⁴ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (4)

Tulane University¹, University of Yamanashi², Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation³, Hokkaido University⁴

15 Nov 2020-Science of The Total Environment

TL;DR: To the knowledge, this is the first study reporting the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in North America, including the USA, however, concentration methods and RT-qPCR assays need to be refined and validated to increase the sensitivity of Sars- CoV- 2 RNA detection in wastewater.

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384 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Comparison of virus concentration methods for the RT-qPCR-based recovery of murine hepatitis virus, a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 from untreated wastewater.

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Warish Ahmed¹, Paul M. Bertsch¹, Aaron Bivins², Kyle Bibby², Kata Farkas³, Amy Gathercole, Eiji Haramoto⁴, Pradip Gyawali, Asja Korajkic⁵, Brian R. McMinn⁵, Jochen F. Mueller⁶, Stuart L. Simpson¹, Wendy Smith¹, Erin M. Symonds⁷, Kevin V. Thomas⁶, Rory Verhagen⁶, Masaaki Kitajima⁸ - Show less +13 more•Institutions (8)

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation¹, University of Notre Dame², Bangor University³, University of Yamanashi⁴, United States Environmental Protection Agency⁵, University of Queensland⁶, University of South Florida⁷, Hokkaido University⁸

15 Oct 2020-Science of The Total Environment

TL;DR: The results suggest that absorption-extraction methods with minimal pretreatment or without manipulation can provide suitably rapid, cost-effective and relatively straightforward recovery of enveloped viruses in wastewater.

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372 citations

Cites background from "SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater antici..."

...Interestingly, these CoV recoveries were similar to the recoveries of the nonenveloped mengovirus (Randazzo et al., 2020b), which is often used as a process control for enteric virus detection in environmental samples (da Silva et al., 2007; Sima et al., 2011; Farkas et al., 2018)....
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...Data suggested that approximately 11% and 3% of the seeded porcine epidemic diarrhea virus were recovered from untreated and treated wastewater, respectively, with aluminum flocculation-based concentration methods (Randazzo et al., 2020b)....
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...…the Netherlands (Medema et al., 2020), USA (Wu et al., 2020; Nemudryi et al., 2020), France (Wurtzer et al., 2020a, 2020b), China (Zhang et al., 2020), Israel (Bar-Or et al., 2020), Turkey (Kocamemi et al., 2020), Spain (Randazzo et al., 2020a, 2020b) and Italy (La Rosa et al., 2020a, 2020b)....
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...The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in untreated domesticwastewater has been reported in Australia (Ahmed et al., 2020), the Netherlands (Medema et al., 2020), USA (Wu et al., 2020; Nemudryi et al., 2020), France (Wurtzer et al., 2020a, 2020b), China (Zhang et al., 2020), Israel (Bar-Or et al., 2020), Turkey (Kocamemi et al., 2020), Spain (Randazzo et al., 2020a, 2020b) and Italy (La Rosa et al., 2020a, 2020b)....
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...A handful of non-human coronaviruses (CoVs), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (Randazzo et al., 2020b) and avian infectious bronchitis virus (Kocamemi et al., 2020) have been used to estimate human CoV recoveries....
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References

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Book•

Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater

[...]

A.E. Greenberg, Lenore S. Clesceri, Andrew D. Eaton

01 Jan 1992

TL;DR: The most widely read reference in the water industry, Water Industry Reference as discussed by the authors, is a comprehensive reference tool for water analysis methods that covers all aspects of USEPA-approved water analysis.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Set your standards with these standard methods. This is it: the most widely read publication in the water industry, your all-inclusive reference tool. This comprehensive reference covers all aspects of USEPA-approved water analysis methods. More than 400 methods - all detailed step-by-step; 8 vibrant, full-color pages of aquatic algae illustrations; Never-before-seen figures that will help users with toxicity testing and the identification of apparatus used in the methods; Over 300 superbly illustrated figures; A new analytical tool for a number of inorganic nonmetals; Improved coverage of data evaluation, sample preservation, and reagant water; And much more!

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78,324 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019.

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Roman Wölfel¹, Victor M. Corman², Wolfgang Guggemos, M Seilmaier, Sabine Zange¹, Marcel A. Müller², Daniela Niemeyer², Terry Jones³, Terry Jones², Patrick Vollmar¹, Camilla Rothe⁴, Michael Hoelscher⁴, Tobias Bleicker², Sebastian Brünink², Julia Schneider², Rosina Ehmann¹, Katrin Zwirglmaier¹, Christian Drosten², Clemens M. Wendtner - Show less +15 more•Institutions (4)

Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology¹, Charité², University of Cambridge³, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich⁴

01 Apr 2020-Nature

TL;DR: Detailed virological analysis of nine cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) provides proof of active replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in tissues of the upper respiratory tract.

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Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infection of the respiratory tract that emerged in late 20191,2. Initial outbreaks in China involved 13.8% of cases with severe courses, and 6.1% of cases with critical courses3. This severe presentation may result from the virus using a virus receptor that is expressed predominantly in the lung2,4; the same receptor tropism is thought to have determined the pathogenicity—but also aided in the control—of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 20035. However, there are reports of cases of COVID-19 in which the patient shows mild upper respiratory tract symptoms, which suggests the potential for pre- or oligosymptomatic transmission6–8. There is an urgent need for information on virus replication, immunity and infectivity in specific sites of the body. Here we report a detailed virological analysis of nine cases of COVID-19 that provides proof of active virus replication in tissues of the upper respiratory tract. Pharyngeal virus shedding was very high during the first week of symptoms, with a peak at 7.11 × 108 RNA copies per throat swab on day 4. Infectious virus was readily isolated from samples derived from the throat or lung, but not from stool samples—in spite of high concentrations of virus RNA. Blood and urine samples never yielded virus. Active replication in the throat was confirmed by the presence of viral replicative RNA intermediates in the throat samples. We consistently detected sequence-distinct virus populations in throat and lung samples from one patient, proving independent replication. The shedding of viral RNA from sputum outlasted the end of symptoms. Seroconversion occurred after 7 days in 50% of patients (and by day 14 in all patients), but was not followed by a rapid decline in viral load. COVID-19 can present as a mild illness of the upper respiratory tract. The confirmation of active virus replication in the upper respiratory tract has implications for the containment of COVID-19. Detailed virological analysis of nine cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) provides proof of active replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in tissues of the upper respiratory tract.

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5,840 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens.

[...]

Wenling Wang¹, Yanli Xu², Ruqin Gao³, Roujian Lu¹, Kai Han², Guizhen Wu¹, Wenjie Tan¹ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (3)

Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention¹, Capital Medical University², Centers for Disease Control and Prevention³

12 May 2020-JAMA

TL;DR: Results of PCR and viral RNA testing for SARS-CoV-2 in bronchoalveolar fluid, sputum, feces, blood, and urine specimens from patients with COVID-19 infection in China are described to identify possible means of non-respiratory transmission.

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Abstract: This study describes results of PCR and viral RNA testing for SARS-CoV-2 in bronchoalveolar fluid, sputum, feces, blood, and urine specimens from patients with COVID-19 infection in China to identify possible means of non-respiratory transmission.

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4,242 citations

"SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater antici..." refers background or result in this paper

...Even though the possibility of faecal-oral transmission has been hypothesized, the role of secretions in the spreading of the disease is not clarified yet (W. Wang et al., 2020b; Y. Wu et al., 2020b; Xu et al., 2020; Yeo et al., 2020)....
[...]
...…been proven (CDC a,b, n.d.; WHO, 2020) and it seems unlikely given the poor stability of viable SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater (Rimoldi et al., 2020; J. Wang et al., 2020a) that resembles some previous studies made with representative coronaviruses (Gundy et al., 2008) and enveloped surrogates…...
[...]
...…coronaviruses to environmental conditions (Chin et al., 2020; Darnell et al., 2004; Darnell and Taylor, 2006) and disinfectants (Chin et al., 2020; J. Wang et al., 2020a) suggests a poor risk of transmission via wastewater, even though formal risk analysis needs to be performed (Haas, 2020)....
[...]
...Infectious viruses deriving from fecal and urine specimen have reportedly been cultured in Vero E6 cells (Sun et al., 2020;W.Wang et al., 2020b)....
[...]
...In spite of the high concentration of viral RNA in specimen and the evidence of gastrointestinal infection (Xiao et al., 2020), infectious viruses from stools have been isolated in one study (W. Wang et al., 2020b) while another attempt resulted without success (W€olfel et al., 2020)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19.

[...]

Xi He¹, Eric H. Y. Lau², Peng Wu², Xilong Deng¹, Jian Wang¹, Xinxin Hao², Yiu Chung Lau², Jessica Y. Wong², Yujuan Guan¹, Xinghua Tan¹, Xiaoneng Mo¹, Yanqing Chen¹, Baolin Liao¹, Weilie Chen¹, Fengyu Hu¹, Qing Zhang¹, Mingqiu Zhong¹, Yanrong Wu¹, Lingzhai Zhao¹, Fuchun Zhang¹, Benjamin J. Cowling², Fang Li¹, Gabriel M. Leung² - Show less +19 more•Institutions (2)

Guangzhou Medical University¹, University of Hong Kong²

15 Apr 2020-Nature Medicine

TL;DR: It is estimated that 44% (95% confidence interval, 25–69%) of secondary cases were infected during the index cases’ presymptomatic stage, in settings with substantial household clustering, active case finding and quarantine outside the home.

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Abstract: We report temporal patterns of viral shedding in 94 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and modeled COVID-19 infectiousness profiles from a separate sample of 77 infector–infectee transmission pairs. We observed the highest viral load in throat swabs at the time of symptom onset, and inferred that infectiousness peaked on or before symptom onset. We estimated that 44% (95% confidence interval, 30–57%) of secondary cases were infected during the index cases’ presymptomatic stage, in settings with substantial household clustering, active case finding and quarantine outside the home. Disease control measures should be adjusted to account for probable substantial presymptomatic transmission. Presymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is estimated to account for a substantial proportion of COVID-19 cases.

...read moreread less

3,943 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2

[...]

Fei Xiao¹, Meiwen Tang¹, Xiaobin Zheng¹, Ye Liu¹, Xiaofeng Li¹, Hong Shan¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Sun Yat-sen University¹

03 Mar 2020-Gastroenterology

TL;DR: No abstract available Keywords: ACE2; Gastrointestinal Infection; Oral-Fecal Transmission; SARS-CoV-2.

...read moreread less

2,185 citations

"SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater antici..." refers background in this paper

...In addition, gastric, duodenal, and rectal epithelial cells are infected by SARS-CoV-2 and the release of the infectious virions to the gastrointestinal tract supports the possible fecal-oral transmission route (Xiao et al., 2020)....
[...]
...In spite of the high concentration of viral RNA in specimen and the evidence of gastrointestinal infection (Xiao et al., 2020), infectious viruses from stools have been isolated in one study (W. Wang et al., 2020b) while another attempt resulted without success (W€olfel et al., 2020)....
[...]
...In spite of the high concentration of viral RNA in specimen and the evidence of gastrointestinal infection (Xiao et al., 2020), infectious viruses from stools have been isolated in one study (W....
[...]