SARS-CoV-2 virus and other epidemic coronaviruses: pathogenetic and genetic factors for the development of infections
TL;DR: The direct cytopathic effect of viruses, infection of the immune system cells, the role of inflammation in the development of the disease, innate immunity factors, autoimmune reactions, and features of the expression of immunoregulatory molecules are discussed.
Abstract: At the end of May 2020, more than 6 1 million cases of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection were registered in the world and more than 370 000 were fatal First time outbreak of new infection occurred among residents of Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 Mortality rate for the current COVID-19 epidemic is significantly lower than for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) However, the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads much faster than SARS and MERS and causes far more deaths totally than both SARS and MERS combined Information on factors that affect the development, course and outcome of infections caused by coronaviruses stated in the article was obtained from investigations carried out during the period of previous epidemics of coronavirus infections and during the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic The following factors are discussed in the present article: the direct cytopathic effect of viruses, infection of the immune system cells, the role of inflammation in the development of the disease, innate immunity factors, autoimmune reactions, features of the expression of immunoregulatory molecules, the role of host organism factors, including genetic ones К концу мая 2020 г в мире было зарегистрировано более 6,1 млн случаев заражения вирусом SARS-CoV-2, из них более 370 000 - со смертельным исходом Вспышка новой инфекции впервые произошла среди местного населения г Ухань (Китай) в конце 2019 г Показатель летальности происходящей в настоящее время эпидемии COVID-19 значительно ниже, чем тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома (SARS) или ближневосточного респираторного синдрома (MERS), однако вирус SARS-CoV-2 распространяется гораздо быстрее, вызывая в целом гораздо больше смертей, чем SARS и MERS вместе взятые В статье проанализирована информация, полученная в результате исследований, выполненных в период предшествующих эпидемий коронавирусных инфекций и в ходе текущей пандемии SARS-CoV-2, о факторах, которые влияют на развитие, течение и исход инфекций, вызванных коронавирусами: прямого цитопатического действия вирусов, инфекции клеток иммунной системы, роли воспаления в развитии болезни, врожденном иммунитете, аутоиммунных реакциях, особенности экспрессии иммунорегуляторных молекул, роли факторов организма хозяина, в том числе генетических
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19 Jul 2021
TL;DR: The most effective measures of anti-epidemic protection of the population to date are summarized and the possibility of applying the principles of military epidemiology in the fight against the new coronavirus infection is considered.
Abstract: Relevance . Despite the successes achieved in the fight against COVID-19 and the beginning of mass vaccination, the epidemiological situation remains quite tense, especially in foreign countries. Therefore, there is still a need to maintain the imposed restrictive and anti-epidemic measures, which may increase depending on changes in the epidemiological situation. As the experience of working in the context of a pandemic shows, it is advisable to use the principles of military epidemiology in the practical activities of various specialists in the national health system. They are based on a grouping of medical and non-medical measures aimed at preventing infection drifts, its spread in groups of people and in specific territories, and its removal outside of epidemic foci. Specific immunization of the population against the new coronavirus infection is important, which will ensure the stabilization and smooth out the course of the epidemic process. Aims . To analyze the current state of the global spread of the new coronavirus infection and to consider the possibility of applying the principles of military epidemiology in the fight against the new coronavirus infection. Conclusions . Based on the results of the analysis of literature sources and personal practical experience in the fight against COVID-19, the most effective measures of anti-epidemic protection of the population to date are summarized. Approaches to the organization of sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures based on the principles of military epidemiology are proposed: the separation of medical care for infectious patients and their sorting according to the severity of the disease; the maximum approach to the served contingents of anti-epidemic forces and means, taking into account the current sanitary and epidemiological situation; continuous implementation of sanitary and anti-epidemic measures until the elimination of epidemic foci; ensuring the mobility and constant readiness of the forces and means involved in carrying out sanitary and anti-epidemic measures.
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TL;DR: The systems transdisciplinary generalization of the knowledge of scientific disciplines made it possible to edit the concept of viruses, to eliminate stereotypes that arose due to the use of unsuccessful analogies, and it was possible to prove that viruses are not intracellular parasites.
Abstract: Aim/Purpose: The Covid-19 pandemic has created many adverse effects. It overloads the healthcare system, causes deaths, and angers some at anti-covid restrictions. This study examines the feasibility of using technical and technological ideas to overcome these effects. The solution is based on new knowledge about the virus, its nature, formation, and activation in the environment.
Background: The rapid spread of a new coronavirus infection is taking place against the background of a lack of time required to create new treatment scenarios for the disease, development, production, and vaccine safety research. In such a situation, it became necessary to gain this time for organizing and conducting events that could reduce the burden on the healthcare system.
Methodology: The science that studies the morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology, and evolution of viruses is virology. The modern development of virology is moving towards a more accurate and comprehensive description of the mechanisms of interaction of viruses with the host organism. This contributed to the emergence of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and immunomics. However, in virology, there is no particular discipline that sets itself three fundamental goals: to substantiate a single concept of the emergence of viruses; to study the natural mechanisms of formation of virus molecules in the environment; to describe the natural mechanisms of activation of certain viruses in the environment that cause viral pandemics. As a result, there are many articles among the published scientific articles on viruses dealing with the mechanisms of interaction of viruses with the host organism. However, there are no articles on the natural mechanisms of formation and activation of certain viruses in the environment. In the absence of such specialized articles, we were forced to use the method of systems transdisciplinary generalization of disciplinary knowledge to achieve our article’s purpose. Generalization created new knowledge about the nature of viruses, about the mechanisms of their formation and activation in the environment and cells of biological organisms. It is logical to assume that to synchronize the state of biological objects of all functional ensembles on the planet, it is necessary to create and activate appropriate “technological tools.” We have suggested and proved that RNA viruses play the role of such tools. Piezoelectricity activates viruses. It occurs during the compression and stretching of sedimentary rocks and bases of continental plates in different territories.
Contribution: The systems transdisciplinary generalization of the knowledge of scientific disciplines made it possible to edit the concept of viruses, to eliminate stereotypes that arose due to the use of unsuccessful analogies. As a result of this generalization, it was possible to prove that viruses are not intracellular parasites. The virus is a “technological tool” of the planetary organizing component. This “tool” aims to correct the genetic programs of organisms of all functional ensembles (plants, animals, people), which will maintain the state of organisms and the parameters of their metabolism in changing environmental conditions.
Findings: The viruses that triggered pandemics in the 20th century and early 21st century are RNA viruses. RNA molecules play the role of “technological tools” that the planetary organizing component uses to carry out short-term and long-term adjustments and constant support of the genetic programs of biological organisms. Therefore, in such a situation, it is advisable to talk not about the fight against the virus but only about eliminating the negative manifestations of the Covid-19 pandemic: reducing the number of people in need of emergency hospitalization, eliminating cases of the acute course of the disease and deaths. It is proposed to use certain technical and technological ideas and solutions to eliminate these negative manifestations.
Recommendation for Researchers: This paper recommends that researchers use new interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches. They challenge assumptions and conclusions about the nature of viruses, and the mechanisms of their formation and activation in the environment can initiate. Such new research might describe the mechanisms that form and activate viruses in the environment and the body’s cells. They also might provide practical use of this knowledge to eliminate the multiple speculations and fears that arise against the background of reports of the likely appearance of more deadly viruses and viral infections.
Future Research: The results of a systems transdisciplinary generalization of disciplinary knowledge about the nature and purpose of viruses are essential for expanding the horizon of the scientific worldview. Future fundamental research on the mechanisms of objective organizing constituents, a general description given in this article, will contribute to a deeper understanding of chemical and biological evolution mechanisms in which modern humanity is involved. In due time, such an understanding will allow a new look at the existing scenarios of the world socio-economic order, explore and describe new principles of sustainable development of society.
1 citations