Scales of solute hydrogen-bonding: their construction and application to physicochemical and biochemical processes
About: This article is published in Chemical Society Reviews.The article was published on 1993-01-01. It has received 1896 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Solvation & High-performance liquid chromatography.
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TL;DR: Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in discovery and development settings are described in this article, where the rule of 5 is used to predict poor absorption or permeability when there are more than 5 H-bond donors, 10 Hbond acceptors, and the calculated Log P (CLogP) is greater than 5 (or MlogP > 415).
14,026 citations
12,178 citations
TL;DR: The SMD model may be employed with other algorithms for solving the nonhomogeneous Poisson equation for continuum solvation calculations in which the solute is represented by its electron density in real space, including, for example, the conductor-like screening algorithm.
Abstract: We present a new continuum solvation model based on the quantum mechanical charge density of a solute molecule interacting with a continuum description of the solvent. The model is called SMD, where the “D” stands for “density” to denote that the full solute electron density is used without defining partial atomic charges. “Continuum” denotes that the solvent is not represented explicitly but rather as a dielectric medium with surface tension at the solute−solvent boundary. SMD is a universal solvation model, where “universal” denotes its applicability to any charged or uncharged solute in any solvent or liquid medium for which a few key descriptors are known (in particular, dielectric constant, refractive index, bulk surface tension, and acidity and basicity parameters). The model separates the observable solvation free energy into two main components. The first component is the bulk electrostatic contribution arising from a self-consistent reaction field treatment that involves the solution of the nonho...
10,945 citations
TL;DR: A series of hydrophilic and hydrophobic 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have been prepared and characterized to determine how water content, density, viscosity, surface tension, melting point, and thermal stability are affected by changes in alkyl chain length and anion.
3,469 citations
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1,200 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the use of the McGowans characteristic volume, Vx, is equivalent to using Leahy's computer-calculated intrinsic volumes, V1, for the cavity term mV/100, for 209 gaseous, liquid, and solid solutes.
Abstract: In the correlation of reversed-phase liquid chromatography capacity factors through the equation,
$$\log k' = log k'_0 + mV/100 + s\pi _2^* + b\beta _2 + a\alpha _2 $$
the use of McGowans characteristic volume, Vx, which can be trivially calculated, is entirely equivalent to the use of Leahy's computer-calculated intrinsic volumes, V1, for the cavity term mV/100. It is shown that for 209 gaseous, liquid, and solid solutes, the two sets of volumes are related through the equation,
$$V_1 = 0.597 + 0.6823 V_x $$
with a standard deviation of only 1.24cm3 mol−1, and a correlation coefficient of 0.9988.
765 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that, over a 100,000-fold range of potencies, the activity of a pure soluble protein can be inhibited by 50% at anaesthetic concentrations which are essentially identical to those which anaesthetize animals.
Abstract: Most proteins are insensitive to the presence of anaesthetics at concentrations which induce general anaesthesia, while some are inhibited by certain agents but not others1. Here we show that, over a 100,000-fold range of potencies, the activity of a pure soluble protein (firefly luciferase) can be inhibited by 50% at anaesthetic concentrations which are essentially identical to those which anaesthetize animals. This identity holds for inhalational agents (such as halothane, methoxyflurane and chloroform), aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, ketones, ethers and alkanes. This finding is all the more striking in view of the fact that the inhibition is shown to be competitive in nature, with anaesthetic molecules competing with substrate (luciferin) molecules for binding to the protein. We show that the anaesthetic-binding site can accommodate only one large, but more than one small, anaesthetic molecule. The obvious mechanism suggested by our results is that general anaesthetics, despite their chemical and structural diversity, act by competing with endogenous ligands for binding to specific receptors.
550 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the general salvation equation, log VG0 (or log L) was used to set up a new π2H parameter of solute dipolarity-polarisability, mainly through the extensive data of McReynolds and Patte et al.
264 citations
232 citations