Journal Article•
Screening of potential medicinal plants from district sawat specific for controlling women diseases
TL;DR: This ethnobotanical survey of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was carried out to identify medicinally important plant species that are traditionally used to treat gynecological disorders and infectious diseases, and to study their antimicrobial potential against pathogens that cause infections in females.
Abstract: Ethnobotany provides a scientific rationale to identify medicinally important plant species, especially for finding new drugs that play vital role in the treatment of different diseases. This ethnobotanical survey of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) was carried out to identify medicinally important plant species that are traditionally used to treat gynecological disorders and infectious diseases, and to study their antimicrobial potential against pathogens that cause infections in females. The antimicrobial activities were investigated using the well diffusion method against four different bacterial strains and one fungal strain. Results showed that out of 12 plants studied, seven plants exhibited inhibitory effects against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Woodfordia fruticosa, Quercus dilatata, Erythrina variegata, Ficus religiosa and Berberis lycium showed high antifungal activity against C. albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 1.25, 0.3125 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 5, 2.5, 1.25, 2.5, 0.625 mg/ml, respectively. Both Woodfordia fruticosa and Quercus dilatata showed antimicrobial potential against E. coli and K. pneumoniae with similar MIC values of 2.5 mg/ml and MBC values of 5 mg/ml. Plants exhibiting inhibitory potential against S. aureus were Woodfordia fruticosa, Quercus dilatata, Azadirachta indica and Curcuma longa and all of them possessed similar MIC values of 5 mg/ml and MBC values of 2.5 mg/ml, respectively. None of the plants showed antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proximate analysis showed that in comparative assessment of the various species, Zanthoxylum alatum had the highest fat and energy values.
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TL;DR: It is proposed that multiple-solvent system is a crucial variable to elucidate pharmacological potential of Q. dilatata and the results of the present findings prospects its potential as a resource for the discovery of novel anticancer, antidiabetic, antileishmanial and antioxidant agents.
Abstract: Plants have served either as a natural templates for the development of new chemicals or a phytomedicine since antiquity. Therefore, the present study was aimed to appraise the polarity directed antioxidant, cytotoxic, protein kinase inhibitory, antileishmanial and glucose modulatory attributes of a Himalayan medicinal plant- Quercus dilatata. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined colorimetrically and various polyphenols were identified by RP-HPLC analysis. Brine shrimp lethality, SRB and MTT assays were employed to test cytotoxicity against Artemia salina and human cancer cell lines respectively. Antileishmanial activity was determined using standard MTT protocol. Glucose modulation was assessed by α-amylase inhibition assay while disc diffusion assay was used to establish protein kinase inhibitory and antifungal spectrum. Among 14 extracts of aerial parts, distilled water-acetone extract demonstrated maximum extract recovery (10.52% w/w), phenolic content (21.37 ± 0.21 μg GAE/mg dry weight (DW)), total antioxidant capacity (4.81 ± 0.98 μg AAE/mg DW) and reducing power potential (20.03 ± 2.4 μg/mg DW). On the other hand, Distilled water extract proficiently extracted flavonoid content (4.78 ± 0.51 μg QE/mg DW). RP-HPLC analysis revealed the presence of significant amounts of phenolic metabolites (0.049 to 15.336 μg/mg extract) including, pyrocatechol, gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and quercetin. Highest free radical scavenging capacity was found in Methanol-Ethyl acetate extract (IC50 8.1 ± 0.5 μg/ml). In the brine shrimp toxicity assay, most of the tested extracts (57%) showed high cytotoxicity. Among these, Chloroform-Methanol extract had highest cytotoxicity against THP-1 cell line (IC50 3.88 ± 0.53 μg/ml). About 50% of the extracts were found to be moderately antiproliferative against Hep G2 cell line. Methanol extract exhibited considerable protein kinase inhibitory activity against Streptomyces 85E strain (28 ± 0.35 mm bald phenotype at 100 μg/disc; MIC = 12.5 μg/ disc) while, Chloroform extract displayed maximum antidiabetic activity (α-amylase inhibition of 21.61 ± 1.53% at 200 μg/ml concentration). The highest antileishmanial potential was found in Ethyl acetate-Acetone extract (12.91 ± 0.02% at 100 μg/ml concentration), while, Q. dilatata extracts also showed a moderate antifungal activity. This study proposes that multiple-solvent system is a crucial variable to elucidate pharmacological potential of Q. dilatata and the results of the present findings prospects its potential as a resource for the discovery of novel anticancer, antidiabetic, antileishmanial and antioxidant agents.
67 citations
Cites background from "Screening of potential medicinal pl..."
...In Pakistan this evergreen tree is abundant in the Himaliyan mountains specially in Dir, Chitral, Swat, Hazara, Tirah, Kurram Agency, Murree hills and Azad Kashmir [3]....
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...Powdered form of its fruits are utilized for the eradication of gonorrhoea and urinary tract infections in district Swat [4]....
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: The results of the combination experiment demonstrated that antimicrobial activity exhibited by combinations of plant extracts and chemicals was imparted by chemicals like vinegar.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to conduct an ethnobotanical survey of North Western Punjab to identify medicinal plants traditionally used to treat skin infections and to determine their antimicrobial potential against skin-infecting pathogens. Methanolic extracts of selected plants were screened against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans using the well diffusion method. Some plants are traditionally used in combination with other plants and chemicals like vinegar and olive oil. Therefore, antimicrobial screening was also done for these combinations in different proportions. Results showed that out of 12 studied plants, six showed inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Azadirachta indica and Mentha arvensis showed high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with similar minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 2.5 and 5mg/ml, respectively. Azadirachta indica, Cassia angustifolia, Phoenix dactylifera and Lawsonia inermis were found to be effective against the fungus Candida albicans, with MIC values of 0.625, 1.25, 0.625, 0.625 mg/ml and MBC values of 1.25, 2.5, 1.25 and 1.25 mg/ml, respectively. None of the plants showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results of the combination experiment demonstrated that antimicrobial activity exhibited by combinations of plant extracts and chemicals was imparted by chemicals like vinegar.
42 citations
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: Study of the antimicrobial potentials of Allium cepa revealed that all the extracts from both fresh and old samples showed different ranges of antimicrobial activities, and Bacillus subtilus was the most susceptible bacteria inhibited by all extracts while the most resistant gram positive bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus.
Abstract: Study of the antimicrobial potentials of Allium cepa revealed that all the extracts from both fresh and old samples showed different ranges of antimicrobial activities. Ethyl acetate fraction showed inhibitory activities against all the 8 microbes tested including bacteria and a fungus. Chloroform followed by butanol fraction also inhibited the activity of all the microbes except Pseudomonas aeruginosa which was highly resistant. Petroleum ether fraction was effective at both lower and higher concentration. Ethanol and water sub-fractions were found least effective or ineffective. Among gram positive microbes, Bacillus subtilus was the most susceptible bacteria inhibited by all extracts while the most resistant gram positive bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus. Erwinia caratovora and Klebsella pneumonia were the most susceptible gram negative bacteria while Pseudomonas aeurginosa and Salmonella typhi were the most resistant bacteria.
38 citations
TL;DR: The baseline findings of this study might be useful in compiling data for future phytochemical and pharmacological screening of plants leading to natural drug discovery and development.
34 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A large number of the subjects studied had never been studied before and the author’s methodology, methodology, andaphysics, as well as their aims, were new and untested.
Abstract: Abu Chaar C. I., 2004, ARCHAEOLOGY HIST LEB, V19, P70; Abu-Irmaileh BE, 2003, J ETHNOPHARMACOL, V89, P193, DOI 10.1016-S0378-8741(03)00283-6; Alantaki D. O., 1877, ATTATHKARA TATHKARAT; [Anonymous], 1991, WHOTRM914; Bedevian Armenag K., 1936, ILLUSTRATED POLYGLOT; EDGECOMBE W S, 1970, P457; Gul F, 2012, PAK J BOT, V44, P1609; Houri A., 2001, PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE W, P248; Lev E, 2002, J ETHNOPHARMACOL, V82, P131, DOI 10.1016-S0378-8741(02)00182-4; Malychef P., 1989, LEBAN MED J, V38, P59; Mouterde P, 1983, NOUVELLE FLORE LIBAN, V3, P578; Mouterde P., 1970, NOUVELLE FLORE LIBAN, V2, P727; Mouterde P., 1966, NOUVELLE FLORE LIBAN, V1, P565; Nadeem M, 2013, PAK J BOT, V45, P111; Nehme M., 1978, WILD FLOWERS LEBANON, P238; Post G.E., 1932, FLORA SYRIA PALESTIN, V2; Post G.E., 1932, FLORA SYRIA PALESTIN, V1; Safi S., 1990, ECOLOGIA MEDITERRANE, V16, P365; Said O, 2002, J ETHNOPHARMACOL, V83, P251, DOI 10.1016-S0378-8741(02)00253-2; Sarwat, 2012, PAK J BOT, V44, P1193; Shinwari ZK, 2011, PAK J BOT, V43, P5; Shinwari ZK, 2012, PAK J BOT, V44, P137; Tohme G., 2002, THOUSAND ONE FLOWERS, P309
32 citations
References
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01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present official methods of analysis of AOAC International, official methods for analysis of aOAC-related project, and a set of methods for the analysis of their work.
Abstract: Official methods of analysis of AOAC International , Official methods of analysis of AOAC International , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
8,888 citations
Book•
18 Oct 1962
2,401 citations
"Screening of potential medicinal pl..." refers methods in this paper
...The nitrogen value, which is the precursor for proteins of a substance, was determined by the micro Kjeldahl method (Pearson, 1976), involving digestions, distillation and finally titration of the sample....
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TL;DR: There is a need to find ways to harvest medicinal plants sustainably from the wild, train local collectors (in proper collection techniques, train the people in growing medicinal plants, and remove some of the middlemen from the trading chain.
Abstract: Out of about 258,650 species of higher plants reported from the world; more than 10% are used to cure ailing communities. Beside many known drugs (e.g.tubocurarine, reserpine, aspirin and morphine etc) are discovered based on traditional knowledge. Majority of the people in Pakistan rely on medicinal plants to find treatment for their minor, even in some cases major diseases. Some wild plants are now being commonly used e.g. Ephedra, Artimisia, St. John’s wort,Hippophae beside some that have been domesticated e.g. Garlic, Ginseng and Cumin etc. There is a local market system (Pansara) specifically dealing with medicinal plants business in Pakistan and several plants are exported. Plants having active constituents are used to treat various ailments in both human and animal. In most instances, certain plant species are considered specific for a particular illness but occasionally they have mixed usage. Women, followed by children, are identified as the principal collectors of medicinal plants. Due to over-collection, several species have gone extinct in the Hindukush-Himalayan regions. Local collectors, vendors, herbal drug dealers and others are the ones who threaten the flora of Pakistan contribute (though unknowingly) to the extinction of some and bringing others to the brink of extinction. Though medicinal plants from wild are important source of income for local communities, but if not properly managed, this may lead to the destruction of habitat and in return extinction of species. There is therefore, a need to find ways to harvest medicinal plants sustainably from the wild, train local collectors (in proper collection techniques, train the people in growing medicinal plants, and remove some of the middlemen from the trading chain. In the present article, an effort was made to review the status of medicinal plants research in Pakistan.
Key words: Medicinal plants of Pakistan, research and development, conservational issues, marketing, problems and prospects.
267 citations
"Screening of potential medicinal pl..." refers background in this paper
...Medicinal plants have been used by local communities for centuries (Shinwari, 2010)....
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TL;DR: The antibacterial activity of the crude methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz flower was evaluated at two different concentrations by the agar well diffusion method and the extract was more active against Gram-negative bacteria as compared to Gram-positive.
200 citations