Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties
TL;DR: Among various extracts, only alcoholic extracts of Emblica officinalis, terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Plumbago zeylanica and Holarrhena antidysenterica were found to show potentially interesting activity against test bacteria.
About: This article is published in Journal of Ethnopharmacology.The article was published on 1998-09-01. It has received 1040 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Terminalia chebula & Antibacterial agent.
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TL;DR: Qualitative phytochemical tests, thin layer chromatography and TLC-bioautography of certain active extracts demonstrated the presence of common phytocompounds in the plant extracts including phenols, tannins and flavonoids as major active constituents.
1,247 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Screening of some Indian medicinal ..."
...Thirteen plants in this study were also screened previously against other test strains (Ahmad et al., 1998; Mehmood et al., 1999) and showed similar results to this study with varying degrees of potency....
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...The selection of medicinal plants is based on their traditional uses (32 plants) in India and our reported antimicrobial activity of 13 plants (Chopra et al., 1992; Ahmad et al., 1998; Mehmood et al., 1999)....
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...Antimicrobial assay The agar well diffusion method (Perez et al., 1990) as adopted earlier (Ahmad et al., 1998) was used; 0.1 ml of diluted inoculum (105 CFU/ ml) of test organism was spread on SDA/SCD agar plates....
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...belerica, Zizyphus jujuba, Acorus calamus and Ocimum sanctum were also reported by other workers (Anesini and Perez, 1993; Belachew Desta, 1993; Youraj et al., 1995; David, 1997; Saxena, 1997; Ahmad et al., 1998; Nimri et al., 1999)....
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...Only the alcoholic extract was tested, as alcohol was found to be a better solvent for extraction of antimicrobially active substances compared to water and hexane (Ahmad et al., 1998)....
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TL;DR: The aqueous extract of J. oxycedrus had no antimicrobial effect against the test microorganisms whereas the methanol extract had inhibitory effects on the growth of 57 strains of 24 bacterial species in the genera of Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Brucella, Enterobacter and Xanthomonas.
523 citations
Cites result from "Screening of some Indian medicinal ..."
...In addition, these results confirmed the evidence in previous studies reported that methanol is a better solvent for more consistent extraction of antimicrobial substances from medical plants compared to other solvents, such as water, ethanol, and hexane (Ahmad et al., 1998; Eloff, 1998; Lin et al., 1999)....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Caesalpinia pulcherrima Swartz showed the best antibacterial activity; hence this plant can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials and further pharmacological evaluation.
Abstract: Twelve medicinal plants were screened, namely Abrus precatorius L., Caesalpinia pulcherrima Swartz., Cardiospermum halicacabum L., Casuarina equisetifolia L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Delonix regia L., Euphorbia hirta L., Euphorbia tirucalli L., Ficus benghalensis L., Gmelina asiatica L., Santalum album L., and Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem, for potential antibacterial activity against 5 medically important bacterial strains, namely Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes ATCC17440, Proteus vulgaris NCTC8313 and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC23564. The antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts was determined by agar disk diffusion and agar well diffusion method. The methanol extracts were more active than the aqueous extracts for all 12 plants studied. The plant extracts were more active against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. The most susceptible bacteria were B. subtilis, followed by S. epidermidis, while the most resistant bacteria were P. vulgaris, followed by S. typhimurium. From the screening experiment, Caesalpinia pulcherrima Swartz. showed the best antibacterial activity; hence this plant can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic antimicrobials and further pharmacological evaluation.
501 citations
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...In addition to this problem, antibiotics are sometimes associated with adverse effects on the host including hypersensitivity, immune-suppression and allergic reactions (3)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the antimicrobial properties of essential oils and methanol extracts of Origanum vulgare ssp. were evaluated using a GC/MS system and the results showed that the essential oil of O. vulgaare possesses great potential of antimicrobial activity against all 10 bacteria and 15 fungi and yeast species tested.
475 citations
TL;DR: Four compounds isolated from Brazilian propolis induced a relaxant effect similar to propolis extract against Trypanosoma cruzi and the bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis.
450 citations
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TL;DR: Although bacterial conjugation once was believed to be restricted in host range, it now appears that this mechanism of transfer permits genetic exchange between many different bacterial genera in nature.
Abstract: The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a phenomenon of concern to the clinician and the pharmaceutical industry, as it is the major cause of failure in the treatment of infectious diseases. The most common mechanism of resistance in pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics of the aminoglycoside, beta-lactam (penicillins and cephalosporins), and chloramphenicol types involves the enzymic inactivation of the antibiotic by hydrolysis or by formation of inactive derivatives. Such resistance determinants most probably were acquired by pathogenic bacteria from a pool of resistance genes in other microbial genera, including antibiotic-producing organisms. The resistance gene sequences were subsequently integrated by site-specific recombination into several classes of naturally occurring gene expression cassettes (typically "integrons") and disseminated within the microbial population by a variety of gene transfer mechanisms. Although bacterial conjugation once was believed to be restricted in host range, it now appears that this mechanism of transfer permits genetic exchange between many different bacterial genera in nature.
1,663 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: An appraisal is made of toxic, microbiogenic, and allergic side effects occurring in man as a result of large amounts of penicillin increasingly used in medical and veterinary practice, including a study of 151 anaphylactic fatalities reported to have followedPenicillin administration.
Abstract: An appraisal is made of toxic microbiogenic and allergic side effects occurring in man as a result of large amounts of penicillin increasingly used in medical and veterinary practice The allergic reactions constitute the most common and significant side effects of penicillin The major antigenic determinant in penicillin allergy the penicilloyl group derived from the penicillanic acid nucleus is common to all penicillins and explains at least in part the cross-reactivity of man to any penicillin derivative or preparation Available data do not permit conclusions as to the true frequency of allergic reactions to penicillin which are reported to vary from 07-10% in different studies in different countries Among the side effects the anaphylactic type may occur in about 0015-0004% with a fatality rate from shock of 00015-0002% among treated patients There is no convincing evidence that the frequency of allergic side effects to penicillin has increased in the last 10 years in relation to the increasing worldwide use of penicillin Persons in contact with penicillin may respond by producing antibodies the presence of which can be determined by immunological procedures and these are believed to be partly responsible for sudden penicillin side reactions Routine prospective skin testing prior to penicillin administration cannot however be generally advocated at present but in special instances it can be undertaken in cooperation with specialists and competent laboratories The present investigation includes a study of 151 anaphylactic fatalities reported to have followed penicillin administration Of these persons 14% had evidence of previous allergies of some kind 70% had received penicillin previously and 1/3 of these had already experienced prior sudden allergic reactions In most of these fatal cases the symptoms leading to death occurred within 15 minutes An Expert Committee of the World Health Organization has emphasized that most anaphylactic fatalities can be prevented by measures to reduce penicillin sensitization environmentally in the population on the 1 hand and by the preparedness of doctors on the other (authors modified) (summary in FRE)
486 citations
TL;DR: Screening of 132 extracts from Argentine folk-medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity has been conducted using a penicillin G resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger as test microorganisms.
281 citations