Search for Composite Dark Matter with Optically Levitated Sensors
TL;DR: These results provide sensitivity to certain classes of composite dark matter models that substantially exceeds existing searches, including those employing kilogram- or ton-scale targets, and can enable directionally sensitive searches for a broad class of previously inaccessible heavy dark matter candidates.
Abstract: Results are reported from a search for a class of composite dark matter models with feeble long-range interactions with normal matter. We search for impulses arising from passing dark matter particles by monitoring the mechanical motion of an optically levitated nanogram mass over the course of several days. Assuming such particles constitute the dominant component of dark matter, this search places upper limits on their interaction with neutrons of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{n}\ensuremath{\le}1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ at 95% confidence for dark matter masses between 1 and 10 TeV and mediator masses ${m}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}\ensuremath{\le}0.1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$. Because of the large enhancement of the cross section for dark matter to coherently scatter from a nanogram mass ($\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{29}$ times that for a single neutron) and the ability to detect momentum transfers as small as $\ensuremath{\sim}200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/\mathrm{c}$, these results provide sensitivity to certain classes of composite dark matter models that substantially exceeds existing searches, including those employing kilogram- or ton-scale targets. Extensions of these techniques can enable directionally sensitive searches for a broad class of previously inaccessible heavy dark matter candidates.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate real-time optimal control of the quantum trajectory of an optically trapped nanoparticle by combining confocal position sensing close to the Heisenberg limit with optimal state estimation via Kalman filtering.
Abstract: The ability to accurately control the dynamics of physical systems by measurement and feedback is a pillar of modern engineering1. Today, the increasing demand for applied quantum technologies requires adaptation of this level of control to individual quantum systems2,3. Achieving this in an optimal way is a challenging task that relies on both quantum-limited measurements and specifically tailored algorithms for state estimation and feedback4. Successful implementations thus far include experiments on the level of optical and atomic systems5–7. Here we demonstrate real-time optimal control of the quantum trajectory8 of an optically trapped nanoparticle. We combine confocal position sensing close to the Heisenberg limit with optimal state estimation via Kalman filtering to track the particle motion in phase space in real time with a position uncertainty of 1.3 times the zero-point fluctuation. Optimal feedback allows us to stabilize the quantum harmonic oscillator to a mean occupation of 0.56 ± 0.02 quanta, realizing quantum ground-state cooling from room temperature. Our work establishes quantum Kalman filtering as a method to achieve quantum control of mechanical motion, with potential implications for sensing on all scales. In combination with levitation, this paves the way to full-scale control over the wavepacket dynamics of solid-state macroscopic quantum objects in linear and nonlinear systems. Optimal quantum control of an optically trapped nanoparticle in its ground state is demonstrated at room temperature, using Kalman filtering to track its quantum trajectory in real time.
133 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The SuperCDMS experiment at the Soudan Underground Laboratory as discussed by the authors was designed to directly detect weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) that may constitute the dark matter in our Galaxy.
Abstract: Author(s): Agnese, R; Anderson, AJ; Aralis, T; Aramaki, T; Arnquist, IJ; Baker, W; Balakishiyeva, D; Barker, D; Basu Thakur, R; Bauer, DA; Binder, T; Bowles, MA; Brink, PL; Bunker, R; Cabrera, B; Caldwell, DO; Calkins, R; Cartaro, C; Cerdeno, DG; Chang, Y; Chagani, H; Chen, Y; Cooley, J; Cornell, B; Cushman, P; Daal, M; Di Stefano, PCF; Doughty, T; Esteban, L; Fascione, E; Figueroa-Feliciano, E; Fritts, M; Gerbier, G; Ghaith, M; Godfrey, GL; Golwala, SR; Hall, J; Harris, HR; Hong, Z; Hoppe, EW; Hsu, L; Huber, ME; Iyer, V; Jardin, D; Jastram, A; Jena, C; Kelsey, MH; Kennedy, A; Kubik, A; Kurinsky, NA; Leder, A; Loer, B; Lopez Asamar, E; Lukens, P; Macdonell, D; Mahapatra, R; Mandic, V; Mast, N; Miller, EH; Mirabolfathi, N; Moffatt, RA; Mohanty, B; Morales Mendoza, JD; Nelson, J; Orrell, JL; Oser, SM; Page, K; Page, WA; Partridge, R; Pepin, M; Penalver Martinez, M; Phipps, A; Poudel, S; Pyle, M; Qiu, H; Rau, W; Redl, P; Reisetter, A; Reynolds, T; Roberts, A; Robinson, AE; Rogers, HE; Saab, T; Sadoulet, B; Sander, J | Abstract: © 2018 American Physical Society. The SuperCDMS experiment is designed to directly detect weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) that may constitute the dark matter in our Galaxy. During its operation at the Soudan Underground Laboratory, germanium detectors were run in the CDMSlite mode to gather data sets with sensitivity specifically for WIMPs with masses l10 GeV/c2. In this mode, a higher detector-bias voltage is applied to amplify the phonon signals produced by drifting charges. This paper presents studies of the experimental noise and its effect on the achievable energy threshold, which is demonstrated to be as low as 56 eVee (electron equivalent energy). The detector-biasing configuration is described in detail, with analysis corrections for voltage variations to the level of a few percent. Detailed studies of the electric-field geometry, and the resulting successful development of a fiducial parameter, eliminate poorly measured events, yielding an energy resolution ranging from ∼9 eVee at 0 keV to 101 eVee at ∼10 keVee. New results are derived for astrophysical uncertainties relevant to the WIMP-search limits, specifically examining how they are affected by variations in the most probable WIMP velocity and the Galactic escape velocity. These variations become more important for WIMP masses below 10 GeV/c2. Finally, new limits on spin-dependent low-mass WIMP-nucleon interactions are derived, with new parameter space excluded for WIMP masses ≲3 GeV/c2.
106 citations
TL;DR: The control of levitated nano-and micro-objects in vacuum is of considerable interes... as mentioned in this paper, which capitalizes on scientific achievements in the fields of atomic physics, control theory, and optomechanics.
Abstract: The control of levitated nano- and micro-objects in vacuum—which capitalizes on scientific achievements in the fields of atomic physics, control theory, and optomechanics—is of considerable interes...
92 citations
Fermilab1, National Institute of Standards and Technology2, University of Chicago3, Yale University4, University of Colorado Boulder5, Purdue University6, Louisiana State University7, University of Washington8, Northwestern University9, University of Maryland, College Park10, University of California, San Diego11, University of Vienna12, University of Delaware13, Tohoku University14, National Presto Industries15, University of Pittsburgh16, Princeton University17, University of Arizona18, University of Utah19
TL;DR: In this article, the authors outline recent ideas in the potential use of a range of solid-state mechanical sensing technologies to aid in the search for dark matter in a number of energy scales and with a variety of coupling mechanisms.
Abstract: Numerous astrophysical and cosmological observations are best explained by the existence of dark matter, a mass density which interacts only very weakly with visible, baryonic matter. Searching for the extremely weak signals produced by this dark matter strongly motivate the development of new, ultra-sensitive detector technologies. Paradigmatic advances in the control and readout of massive mechanical systems, in both the classical and quantum regimes, have enabled unprecedented levels of sensitivity. In this overview paper, we outline recent ideas in the potential use of a range of solid-state mechanical sensing technologies to aid in the search for dark matter in a number of energy scales and with a variety of coupling mechanisms.
80 citations
Cites background or methods from "Search for Composite Dark Matter wi..."
...The basic idea can thus be tested in prototype experiments, for example [72]....
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...While methods exist to go below this noise level (see section 4), currently existing devices acting at or even slightly above the SQL are already capable of searching novel regions of DM parameter space, as demonstrated by the initial search in [72]....
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...05 eV (for discussion of the parameterization of the fiducial DM-nucleon cross section σXn, see references [71, 72])....
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20 Mar 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report an optomechanical accelerometer based on a Fabry-Perot microcavity in a silicon chip that is extremely precise, field deployable and can self-calibrate.
Abstract: Acceleration measurement is widely used in commercial, scientific, and defense applications, but the resolution and accuracy achievable for demanding applications is limited by the current technology used to build and calibrate accelerometers We report an optomechanical accelerometer based on a Fabry–Perot microcavity in a silicon chip that is extremely precise, field deployable, and can self-calibrate The measured acceleration resolution is the highest reported to date for a microfabricated optomechanical accelerometer and is achieved over a wide frequency range (314nm⋅s−2/√Hz over 68 kHz) The combination of a single vibrational mode in the mechanical spectrum and the broadband thermally limited resolution enables accurate conversion from sensor displacement to acceleration This also allows measurement of acceleration directly in terms of the laser wavelength, making it possible for sensors to calibrate internally and serve as intrinsic standards This sensing platform is applicable to a range of measurements from industrial accelerometry and inertial navigation to gravimetry and fundamental physics
42 citations
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TL;DR: The complete review as discussed by the authors is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (http://pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as thePDG Book.
Abstract: The complete Review(both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group(http://pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as thePDG Book. AParticle Physics Bookletwith the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is also available.
6,464 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present cosmological parameter results from the full-mission Planck measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies, combining information from the temperature and polarization maps and the lensing reconstruction.
Abstract: We present cosmological parameter results from the final full-mission Planck measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies, combining information from the temperature and polarization maps and the lensing reconstruction Compared to the 2015 results, improved measurements of large-scale polarization allow the reionization optical depth to be measured with higher precision, leading to significant gains in the precision of other correlated parameters Improved modelling of the small-scale polarization leads to more robust constraints on manyparameters,withresidualmodellinguncertaintiesestimatedtoaffectthemonlyatthe05σlevelWefindgoodconsistencywiththestandard spatially-flat6-parameter ΛCDMcosmologyhavingapower-lawspectrumofadiabaticscalarperturbations(denoted“base ΛCDM”inthispaper), from polarization, temperature, and lensing, separately and in combination A combined analysis gives dark matter density Ωch2 = 0120±0001, baryon density Ωbh2 = 00224±00001, scalar spectral index ns = 0965±0004, and optical depth τ = 0054±0007 (in this abstract we quote 68% confidence regions on measured parameters and 95% on upper limits) The angular acoustic scale is measured to 003% precision, with 100θ∗ = 10411±00003Theseresultsareonlyweaklydependentonthecosmologicalmodelandremainstable,withsomewhatincreasederrors, in many commonly considered extensions Assuming the base-ΛCDM cosmology, the inferred (model-dependent) late-Universe parameters are: HubbleconstantH0 = (674±05)kms−1Mpc−1;matterdensityparameterΩm = 0315±0007;andmatterfluctuationamplitudeσ8 = 0811±0006 We find no compelling evidence for extensions to the base-ΛCDM model Combining with baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements (and consideringsingle-parameterextensions)weconstraintheeffectiveextrarelativisticdegreesoffreedomtobe Neff = 299±017,inagreementwith the Standard Model prediction Neff = 3046, and find that the neutrino mass is tightly constrained toPmν < 012 eV The CMB spectra continue to prefer higher lensing amplitudesthan predicted in base ΛCDM at over 2σ, which pulls some parameters that affect thelensing amplitude away from the ΛCDM model; however, this is not supported by the lensing reconstruction or (in models that also change the background geometry) BAOdataThejointconstraintwithBAOmeasurementsonspatialcurvatureisconsistentwithaflatuniverse, ΩK = 0001±0002Alsocombining with Type Ia supernovae (SNe), the dark-energy equation of state parameter is measured to be w0 = −103±003, consistent with a cosmological constant We find no evidence for deviations from a purely power-law primordial spectrum, and combining with data from BAO, BICEP2, and Keck Array data, we place a limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r0002 < 006 Standard big-bang nucleosynthesis predictions for the helium and deuterium abundances for the base-ΛCDM cosmology are in excellent agreement with observations The Planck base-ΛCDM results are in good agreement with BAO, SNe, and some galaxy lensing observations, but in slight tension with the Dark Energy Survey’s combined-probe results including galaxy clustering (which prefers lower fluctuation amplitudes or matter density parameters), and in significant, 36σ, tension with local measurements of the Hubble constant (which prefer a higher value) Simple model extensions that can partially resolve these tensions are not favoured by the Planck data
4,688 citations
Case Western Reserve University1, University of Wisconsin-Madison2, Imperial College London3, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology4, University of Maryland, College Park5, University of California, Berkeley6, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory7, University of Coimbra8, University of South Dakota9, Yale University10, University of California, Santa Barbara11, Brown University12, University of California, Davis13, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory14, University College London15, University of Rochester16, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory17, Texas A&M University18, State University of New York System19, University of Edinburgh20
TL;DR: This search yields no evidence of WIMP nuclear recoils and constraints on spin-independent weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)-nucleon scattering using a 3.35×10^{4} kg day exposure of the Large Underground Xenon experiment are reported.
Abstract: We report constraints on spin-independent weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)-nucleon scattering using a 3.35×10^{4} kg day exposure of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment. A dual-phase xenon time projection chamber with 250 kg of active mass is operated at the Sanford Underground Research Facility under Lead, South Dakota (USA). With roughly fourfold improvement in sensitivity for high WIMP masses relative to our previous results, this search yields no evidence of WIMP nuclear recoils. At a WIMP mass of 50 GeV c^{-2}, WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross sections above 2.2×10^{-46} cm^{2} are excluded at the 90% confidence level. When combined with the previously reported LUX exposure, this exclusion strengthens to 1.1×10^{-46} cm^{2} at 50 GeV c^{-2}.
1,844 citations
Columbia University1, University of Amsterdam2, University of Bologna3, University of Mainz4, University of Münster5, University of Coimbra6, New York University Abu Dhabi7, University of Zurich8, Stockholm University9, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute10, Max Planck Society11, Weizmann Institute of Science12, University of Freiburg13, University of Nantes14, University of California, San Diego15, University of Chicago16, Purdue University17, Rice University18, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University19, University of California, Los Angeles20
TL;DR: In this article, a search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) using 278.8 days of data collected with the XENON1T experiment at LNGS is reported.
Abstract: We report on a search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) using 278.8 days of data collected with the XENON1T experiment at LNGS. XENON1T utilizes a liquid xenon time projection chamber with a fiducial mass of (1.30±0.01) ton, resulting in a 1.0 ton yr exposure. The energy region of interest, [1.4,10.6] keVee ([4.9,40.9] keVnr), exhibits an ultralow electron recoil background rate of [82-3+5(syst)±3(stat)] events/(ton yr keVee). No significant excess over background is found, and a profile likelihood analysis parametrized in spatial and energy dimensions excludes new parameter space for the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent elastic scatter cross section for WIMP masses above 6 GeV/c2, with a minimum of 4.1×10-47 cm2 at 30 GeV/c2 and a 90% confidence level.
1,808 citations