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Book ChapterDOI

Seasonally Frozen Ground

About: The article was published on 2021-01-01. It has received 2 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this article, rezente Erdknospen und Texturboden aus den Hochlagen eines deutschen Mittelgebirges beschrieben.
Abstract: . Erstmals werden rezente Erdknospen und Texturboden aus den Hochlagen eines deutschen Mittelgebirges beschrieben. Untersuchungen der Form, des Substrats und der Frosteffekte belegen ihre Entstehung als Strukturboden. Im Vordergrund der Untersuchung stehen die heutigen Bedingungen fur die Weiterentwicklung und Erhaltung der Form. Dem feuchtigkeitsbedingten Aufquellen des thixotropen Substrats im Sommerhalbjahr und der Bildung von Eiskornchen an Eistagen kommt eine grose morphogenetische Bedeutung fur die Kleinformen zu.

1 citations

01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine different case histories of ground temperature effects, which include the behavior of warm pipelines in permafrost, chilled pipelines in unfrozen ground, roads on perm-frost, and the geothermal response of perm-afrost to superimposed buildings.
Abstract: This chapter examines different case histories of ground temperature effects, which include the behavior of warm pipelines in permafrost, chilled pipelines in unfrozen ground, roads on permafrost, and the geothermal response of permafrost to superimposed buildings.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the air and ground temperature at Plateau Mountain (South Western Alberta) at short intervals (20 minutes) for two years was monitored for two consecutive years, and it was shown that the dominant process of heat transfer in the upper layers is by rapid air movement through the voids to at least 50 cm depth as compared with slow conduction through the individual grains.
Abstract: Monitoring of air and ground temperature at Plateau Mountain (South-Western Alberta) at short intervals (20 minutes) for two years shows vastly different thermal regimes in and beneath coarse blocky materials as opposed to mineral soils and rocks lacking substantial interconnecting voids. The dominant process of heat transfer in the upper layers is by rapid air movement through the voids to at least 50 cm depth as compared with slow conduction through the individual grains. Thermal response to a change in air temperature (positive or negative) is immediate and substantial, so it is not merely the result of the Balch effect. Rain and snow can also penetrate more deeply. These blocky materials are called kurums in Russia. Mean annual ground temperatures are 4–7 °C cooler in the blocky materials than in the adjacent mineral soils in cold climates, but this would be different in warmer climates. The ground temperature envelope is cone-shaped rather than bell-shaped, and this difference also occurs in mineral soils under a thin cover of blocks. There is also a smaller geothermal gradient within the zone affected directly by cooling/heating due to air movement. These processes appear to explain the occurrence of permafrost and substantial ice bodies in block fields such as rock glaciers below the limit of regional continuous permafrost in adjacent rocks and mineral soils. They also affect permafrost mapping and heat flow modelling, but offer a means of cooling near-surface soils. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. L'enregistrement des temperatures de l'air et du sol dans un site de Plateau Mountain (dans le S-O de l'Alberta, a 1950 m d'altitude) et a des intervalles de temps de 20 minutes pendant deux ans, montre que le regime thermique est tres different dans et sous des accumulations de blocs par rapport a ce que l'on observe dans des sols mineraux ou il n'y a pas de vides interconnectes. Le processus dominant de transfert de chaleur dans les couches superieures de ces accumulations de blocs est lie aux mouvements rapides de l'air dans les vides et ce, jusqu'a une profondeur d'au moins 50 cm; ce processus s'oppose aux phenomenes lents de conduction qui jouent dans d'autres sols. La reponse thermique a un changement (positif ou negatif) de la temperature de l'air est immediate et substantielle, ce qui montre que ce n'est pas seulement le resultat de l'effet “Balch”. La pluie et la neige peuvent aussi penetrer plus profondement. De telles accumulations de blocs sont appelees “kurums” en Russie. La temperature moyenne annuelle y est en climat froid de 4 a 7 °C inferieure dans les accumulations de blocs par rapport a celle de sols mineraux voisins, mais cela pourrait etre different dans des climats plus chauds. L'enveloppe des temperatures des sols sous les blocs a une forme en cone plutot qu'en cloche et cette difference existe aussi dans les sols mineraux qui sont sous une fine couverture de blocs. Le gradient geothermique est aussi plus eleve dans le zone affectee directement par des refroidissements et des rechauffements controles par les mouvements de l'air. Ces processus paraissent expliquer la presence de pergelisol et de masses de glace dans les champs de blocs, comme par exemple ceux qui recouvrent les glaciers rocheux. Le pergelisol s'y etend sous le limite du pergelisol regionalement continu dans les roches voisines et dans les sols mineraux. La cartographie du pergelisol et la modelisation de l'ecoulement de chaleur peuvent etre ainsi affectees par les accumulations de blocs. Celles-ci constituent, par ailleurs, un moyen pour refroidir des sols proches de la surface. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

236 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the role of glaciation in the formation of relic offshore permafrost in relatively shallow Arctic coastal areas, and the evidence suggests that offs...
Abstract: Underground ice is restricted to permafrost areas where its distribution is sporadic and often unpredictable. A knowledge of the distribution and abundance of underground ice is essential to northern development, because a variety of man induced disturbances can cause underground ice to thaw, often with serious consequences. The criteria for a classification of the principal types of underground ice are the source of the water prior to freezing and the processes which transfer water to the freezing plane. The origin of massive icy bodies in the Western Arctic of North America is explained by a water expulsion theory. The excess water now found in the icy bodies is attributed to water expelled from coarse textured sediments by the downward growth of permafrost. The suggested mechanism is illustrated by three pingos which have grown since 1950. The role of glaciation in the formation of relic offshore permafrost in relatively shallow Arctic coastal areas is examined. The evidence suggests that offs...

198 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a principle of particle segregation by freezing is presented, which is demonstrated experimentally by means of a transparent freezing cabinet in which a sample of distilled water freezes from the bottom upward.
Abstract: A principle of particle segregation by freezing is presented. It is demonstrated experimentally by means of a transparent freezing cabinet in which a sample of distilled water freezes from the bottom upward. In this way the freezing front line travels vertically and the particles are carried against gravity. By use of the same material with different shapes (glass beads and broken quartz or glass) it is demonstrated that an important factor in particle migration is the shape of the particle or its contact area with the interface. Other materials with different shapes and sizes were tested. The other important factors are particle size and rate of freezing. Fine particles migrate under a wide range of rates of freezing; coarser particles migrate at slower and narrower ranges of rates of freezing. It is suggested that, for determining frost behavior of soils in permafrost regions, freezing from the bottom upward is a more reliable test than freezing from the top down. Freezing from the bottom more closely approximates freezing of the active layer above permafrost; also friction with the cylinder testing wall is eliminated. The implication of this principle in engineering and studies of soil genesis in cold regions is emphasized.

173 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an analysis of the Fros-Tbodenformen and their relation to the main structure of the Gebirge and the main body of the Nordha-bkugel.
Abstract: II . Die V e r b r e i t u n g der Struk~urund TexturbSden. Die untere S t ruk turbodengrenze der Gebirge . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 I I I . Die k] imat i schen Vorausse tzungen der S t r u k t u r b o d e n b i l d u n g . 557 IV. Die K e r n f r a g e n der Fros tbodenbi ]dung im Lich te der b isher igen For sehung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 1. Konvek t ionshypothese und Fros t schubtheor ie . . . . . . . 569 2. Daue rge f ro rn i s und jahresze i t l i ehe Gefrornis . Sol i f lukt ion . 566 3. Die bewegenden Kr~f t e der Fros tbodenformen. Die Quellungstheor ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 4. Die l~[ater ialsort ierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 5. Exper imen te ] l e Fros tbodenforschung . . . . . . . . . . 570 6. Korngr58en der Fros tbodenfe inerde . FrostbSden als Ausgangsma te r i a l fiir LS~bi ldung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 7. S t ruk tu r des Bodeneises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 V. Das K amm ei s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 1. Wesen und Gesehiehte der Er fo r sehung . . . . . . . . . 575 2. Geographische V e r b r e i t u n g des Kammeises . . . . . . . 579 a) Po la rzonen und gem~f~igte Bre i t en . . . . . . . . . . 580 b) Subt ropen der Nordha]bkugel . . . . . . . . . . . 582 e) S t ruk tu rbodenb i ldung dureh Xammeis auf den Drakensbergen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 d) K a m m e i s in den t ropisehen t t oehgeb i rgen . . . . . . . 590

159 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed the response of the active layer and the permafrost to climate change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and showed that their changes have a better accordance with air temperature change.

139 citations