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Journal ArticleDOI

Secondary school language teachers’ online learning engagement during the covid-19 pandemic in indonesia

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored language teachers' online engagement during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia and found that most teachers have, within a short period, enhanced their technological knowledge regardless of their prior exposure to technology.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore language teachers’ online engage-ment during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Four questions guided the inquiry in this study: 1) To what extent did teachers engage in online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic? 2) What challenges did teachers encounter while engaging in online learning during the Covid-19 crisis? 3) How has the suspension of face-to-face classroom meetings changed teachers’ practices? and 4) What were their hopes for the future of education in their respective regions? Background The sudden learn-from-home mode enacted since 24 March 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic has forced all schools to shift into online learning with no or little preparation in terms of internet access, teacher capacity, and student-parent readiness. All in all, the pandemic disruption has shed light on the widening digital divide that has serious implications for the human capital development in Indonesia Methodology This case study involved 18 teachers from four regions in Indonesia. Data were collected through an online survey, weekly reflections, and interviews with the teachers. A group interview with five students for each of the 18 teachers was used as triangulation. To probe more deeply into a representative sample for a variety of attributes, the researchers then focused on four teachers for a more in-depth analysis. Contribution Knowledge of the impacting factors on online learning engagement can aid in resolving the issues and providing equal opportunities for all students. This study highlighted that teachers in remote regions would need a more top-down intervention from education authorities and offered two recommendations to the government to overcome the widening digital divide as amplified by the current school suspension. This study presents interesting results pertaining to online learning engagement during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Insights gained in this study would contribute to the perspective on the challenges and dilemmas faced by educators and students elsewhere while engaging in online learning. Findings This study found an interplay of five related factors of online learning processes against five levels of engagement. Those five factors are learners, teachers’ prior exposure to online learning, technological knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and the support system. Teachers in this study were still struggling to enhance the quality of online learning engagement. Nevertheless, given the rising awareness of the inadequacy of their online learning delivery and a renewed sense of commitment, these teachers had high hopes that they would be able to enhance their competence and improve their professional practices. Recommendations for Practitioners This study found most teacher participants have, within a short period, enhanced their technological knowledge (TK) regardless of their prior exposure to technology. Teachers can be encouraged to integrate their technological knowledge with pedagogical and content knowledge to develop their technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) by participating in the government program for teacher professional development. Recommendations for Researchers This study involves only language teachers; therefore, future researchers are invited to involve non-language teachers so that more conclusive findings can be obtained. Impact on Society Knowledge of the impacting factors on online learning engagement can aid in resolving the issues and providing equal opportunities for all students. More importantly, the lessons learned should enlighten educators that technology integration into sound pedagogy would transform current practices into quality learning. Future Research Issues related to technology integration in education can still be unearthed especially because the budding insights of online learning will steadily be developing in post-pandemic realm, particularly in Indonesia.

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01 Jan 2017

101 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the factors that influence student engagement in online learning during the COVID-19 crisis in middle school settings in developing countries where is a lack of studies about the factors influencing student's engagement in emergency remote learning during a crisis.
Abstract: Student engagement in online learning enhance students performance and the outcomes of the learning process in online learning environment. The existed literature revealed various factors influencing student engagement in online leaning, however these studies were before the COVID-19 crisis. The purpose of the current paper is to explore the factors that influence student engagement in online learning during the COVID-19 crisis in middle school settings in developing countries where is a lack of studies about the factors influencing student’s engagement in emergency remote learning during the crisis. A qualitative approach was used for data collection and analysis. Semi-structured interviews with 34 participants (14 students, 13 teachers, and 7 parents) were conducted for 20–30 min. Furthermore, online class observations were used for data collection; 13 online classes were observed. Each class was 40 min. A thematic analysis was used to categorize the findings into themes and subthemes. The findings of the study revealed that various factors influence student engagement in online learning during the crisis including infrastructure factors, cultural factors, digital inequality, and the threat to digital privacy. Cultural factors were the important factor that influences females because of parents’ culture and their bias against females using online learning compared to male students. Teachers’ presence and quality of content were the major factors that influence student engagement, where parental concerns, norms, and traditions emerged as the major factors in the crisis, influencing engagement. Most of the participants reported that teaching and learning online during the crisis has broadened the digital inequality and threatened their digital privacy which influenced negatively student engagement. The limitations of this research included the limited number of participants covering a large geographic area, and the research design using diverse and often limited educational software and delivery methods. Future studies could utilize a mixed-method approach and include more participants.

63 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the challenges ESL teachers faced in implementing e-learning during COVID-19 and found that the majority of teachers expressed that the use of elearning was effective with various limitations such as teachers' readiness to adopt elearning, accessibility to mobile phones and Internet connectivity, classroom management in term of low students' participation and assessment.
Abstract: Education sector in Malaysia had put emphasis on the use of online learning or e-learning with technology and devices as a mediator of communication to replace face-to-face learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subsequently, with the improvement of learning technologies, English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers faced various challenges in language teaching. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the challenges ESL teachers faced in implementing e-learning during COVID-19. Using a qualitative approach, this research was a case study which involved 20 primary ESL teachers. Data collection was done through an in-depth interview to explore teachers’ e-learning experiences and challenges in teaching the English language. Based on the findings, the majority of teachers expressed that the use of e-learning was effective with various limitations such as teachers’ readiness to adopt e-learning, accessibility to mobile phones and Internet connectivity, classroom management in term of low students’ participation and assessment. Thus, the researcher recommended more studies to highlight teachers’ insight regarding the significance of e-learning. ESL teachers, stakeholders, policy makers, and institutions can benefit from the results of the study and come out with practical strategies to utilize online sources for education in the pandemic situation. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.2.18

34 citations


Cites methods from "Secondary school language teachers’..."

  • ...The interview consisted of 11 questions adapted from Lie et al. (2020), and is considered as an important tool for teachers to include their views and opinions about online teaching and the use of technology during the hard circumstances like the present crisis....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used econometric methods related to ARDL (auto regressive distributed lag models) such as pooled mean group and mean group (MG) and used different tests for unit roots for the stationarity check of the series implied.
Abstract: Throughout the planet, the medical challenges posed by the pandemic caused by the SARS-Cov-2/COVID-19 coronavirus have overlapped, inter alia, with the necessity to continue the academic process on every level. Romania was no exception. With the new vaccines against COVID-19, the hope of resuming face-to-face activity, considered as ‘normal’ before 2020, has emerged. In these circumstances, not at all far-fetched, certain questions have arisen, such as: should and must the online university education be completely removed? Should this form of education be continued? If so, to what extent? We have used econometric methods related to ARDL (auto regressive distributed lag models) such as pooled mean group (PMG) and mean group (MG) and used different tests for unit roots for the stationarity check of the series implied. The results show the positive effect of digitalisation on tertiary education and also the positive impact of the latter on sustainable development, as a base for future stimulation in public policies. The present study also aims to harness the university experience of these times, from some of the main Romanian university centres; the method used was a quantitative and qualitative research based on a questionnaire, which was answered by a number of 258 university teachers and 1569 students from prestigious public and private universities. The results of this analysis allowed us to conclude that most of the participants in the university educational process have adapted to the online activity, and the latter ‘saved’ the academic years 2019–2020 and, respectively, 2020–2021. The present study is useful for tertiary education institution and policymakers in terms of formulating strategies and policy recommendations to support teachers and students during any future pandemics.

32 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors explored the impact of digital leadership among school principals on teachers' technology integration during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait and found that digital leadership had a positive impact on teachers" technology integration.

28 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Shulman observa la historia de evaluaciones docentes, noting that the evaluación docente parecia preocuparse tanto por los conocimientos, como el siglo anterior se preoccupaba por la pedagogia.
Abstract: Este articulo fue un discurso presidencial en la reunion de America Educational Research Association de Chicago el ano 1985. -- Curioso sobre el por que el publico a menudo tiene una baja opinion sobre el conocimiento de los profesores, Shulman observa la historia de evaluaciones docentes. En la segunda mitad del 1800, las evaluaciones para quienes deseaban ensenar se basaban casi por completo en contenido. Para el ano en que el autor escribe el articulo, en 1985, la evaluacion era completamente distinta. En lugar de enfocarse en contenido, se enfocaba en topicos como planificacion de clases, sensibilizacion cultural, y otros aspectos de la conducta docente. Mientras los topicos usualmente tenian raices en la investigacion, claramente no representan el amplio espectro de habilidades y conocimientos que un docente necesita para ser efectivo. Mas especificamente, para los anos 80', la evaluacion docente parecia preocuparse tanto por los conocimientos, como el siglo anterior se preocupaba por la pedagogia.

15,740 citations


"Secondary school language teachers’..." refers background in this paper

  • ...TPACK was grounded in a model of pedagogical content knowledge which states that competent teachers should master the intersection of pedagogical and content knowledge (Shulman, 1986)....

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Book
01 Jul 1988
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the foundations of Qualitative Data Analysis, as well as some of the techniques used in designing and implementing the display systems used in this book.
Abstract: Contents List of Displays Preface to the Third Edition by Johnny Saldana Acknowledgements from the Second Edition by Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael Huberman About the Authors PART I. THE SUBSTANTIVE START 1. Introduction 2. Research Design and Management 3. Ethical Issues in Analysis 4. Fundamentals of Qualitative Data Analysis PART II. DISPLAYING THE DATA 5. Designing Matrix and Network Displays 6. Methods of Exploring 7. Methods of Describing 8. Methods of Ordering 9. Methods of Explaining 10. Methods of Predicting PART III: MAKING GOOD SENSE 11. Drawing and Verifying Conclusions 12. Writing About Qualitative Research 13. Closure Appendix - An Annotated Bibliography of Qualitative Research Resources References Index

10,148 citations


"Secondary school language teachers’..." refers background in this paper

  • ...As this study was intended to portray a case study of online learning happening during an abrupt pandemic in a developing country, the study may have fallen short of a robust procedure of data collection and analysis as Miles et al. (2014) suggested....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a conceptual framework for educational technology by building on Shulman's formulation of pedagogical content knowledge and extend it to the phenomenon of teachers integrating technology into their pedagogy.
Abstract: Research in the area of educational technology has often been critiqued for a lack of theoretical grounding. In this article we propose a conceptual framework for educational technology by building on Shulman’s formulation of ‘‘pedagogical content knowledge’’ and extend it to the phenomenon of teachers integrating technology into their pedagogy. This framework is the result of 5 years of work on a program of research focused on teacher professional development and faculty development in higher education. It attempts to capture some of the essential qualities of teacher knowledge required for technology integration in teaching, while addressing the complex, multifaceted, and situated nature of this knowledge. We argue, briefly, that thoughtful pedagogical uses of technology require the development of a complex, situated form of knowledge that we call Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK). In doing so, we posit the complex roles of, and interplay among, three main components of learning environments: content, pedagogy, and technology. We argue that this model has much to offer to discussions of technology integration at multiple levels: theoretical, pedagogical, and methodological. In this article, we describe the theory behind our framework, provide examples of our teaching approach based upon the framework, and illustrate the methodological contributions that have resulted from this work.

7,328 citations


"Secondary school language teachers’..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Within the TPACK framework (Mishra & Koehler, 2006), this study reveals that in a short period, most teacher participants enhanced their technological knowledge (TK) regardless of their prior exposure to technology while their pedagogical knowledge (PK) and content knowledge (CK) presumably…...

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  • ...As the use of technology became more prevalent in educational practices, Mishra and Koehler (2006) added technology knowledge to complement pedagogical content knowledge....

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  • ...While the TPACK model (Mishra & Koehler, 2006) centers on teacher knowledge related to technology integration, the SAMR (Substitution - Augmentation - Modification - Redefinition) model, which was introduced by Puentedura (2006), emphasizes technocentric outcomes....

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  • ...Among those models are: TPACK, technological pedagogical content knowledge (Mishra & Koehler, 2006), SAMR, substitution, augmentation, modification, and redefinition (Puentedura, 2014)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey instrument designed to assess the development of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) for preservice teachers, based on Shulman's idea of pedagogical content knowledge.
Abstract: Based in Shulman’s idea of Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) has emerged as a useful frame for describing and understanding the goals for technology use in preservice teacher education. This paper addresses the need for a survey instrument designed to assess TPACK for preservice teachers. The paper describes survey development process and results from a pilot study on 124 preservice teachers. Data analysis procedures included Cronbach’s alpha statistics on the TPACK knowledge domains and factor analysis for each domain. Results suggest that, with the modification and/or deletion of 18 of the survey items, the survey is a reliable and valid instrument that will help educators design longitudinal studies to assess preservice teachers’ development of TPACK. (Keywords: TPACK, instrument development, preservice teachers) The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an instrument designed to measure preservice teachers’ self-assessment of their Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) and related knowledge domains included in the framework. TPACK is a term used increasingly to describe what teachers need to know to effectively integrate technology into their teaching practices. In this article, we detail the steps used to develop and validate an instrument to measure preservice teachers’ development of TPACK. TheoreTICAl FrAmeworK

1,224 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Active involvement in (re)design and enactment of technology-enhanced lessons was found as a promising strategy for the development of TPACK in (student-)teachers.
Abstract: Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) has been introduced as a conceptual framework for the knowledge base teachers need to effectively teach with technology. The framework stems from the notion that technology integration in a specific educational context benefits from a careful alignment of content, pedagogy and the potential of technology, and that teachers who want to integrate technology in their teaching practice therefore need to be competent in all three domains. This study is a systematic literature review about TPACK of 55 peer-reviewed journal articles (and one book chapter), published between 2005 and 2011. The purpose of the review was to investigate the theoretical basis and the practical use of TPACK. Findings showed different understandings of TPACK and of technological knowledge. Implications of these different views impacted the way TPACK was measured. Notions about TPACK in subject domains were hardly found in the studies selected for this review. Teacher knowledge (TPACK) and beliefs about pedagogy and technology are intertwined. Both determine whether a teacher decides to teach with technology. Active involvement in (re)design and enactment of technology-enhanced lessons was found as a promising strategy for the development of TPACK in (student-)teachers. Future directions for research are discussed

722 citations


"Secondary school language teachers’..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Ever since its introduction in 2006, the TPACK framework has been widely researched (Voogt et al., 2013) and modified to cater to the different purposes and contexts (Chai et al., 2013)....

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