Secure physical-layer communication based on directly modulated antenna arrays
01 Nov 2012-pp 1-4
TL;DR: In this paper, an antenna system configured to provide direction dependent modulation is shown to increase the security of data transmission, based on an array with wide element spacing combined with directional array elements.
Abstract: An antenna system configured to provide direction dependent modulation is shown to increase the security of data transmission. The antenna is based on an array with wide element spacing combined with directional array elements. The array system investigated here consists of only two elements but the approach is general and can be extended to multi-element array systems. The directional error rate characteristics of the directly modulated array system, in a given direction, can be significantly improved by increasing the element spacing. The error rate performance of the directly modulated array system is compared to that of an equivalent array configured for conventional baseband modulation.
Citations
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TL;DR: The origin of the DM concept and development in recent years are reviewed, including its mathematical model, assessment metrics, synthesis approaches, physical realizations, and finally its potential aspects for future studies are reviewed.
Abstract: Directional modulation (DM) is an emerging technology for securing wireless communications at the physical layer. This promising technology, unlike the conventional key-based cryptographic methods and the key-based physical layer security approaches, locks information signals without any requirements of keys. The locked information can only be fully recovered by the legitimate receiver(s) priory known by DM transmitters. This paper reviews the origin of the DM concept and, particularly, its development in recent years, including its mathematical model, assessment metrics, synthesis approaches, physical realizations, and finally its potential aspects for future studies.
48 citations
TL;DR: It is proved that, besides the conventional DM application scenario, the proposed synthesis-free DM transmitter should also perform well for systems where there are more than one legitimate receiver positioned along different directions in free space, and where one or more legitimate receivers exist in a multipath environment.
Abstract: By modification of the classical retrodirective array architecture, a directional modulation (DM) transmitter can be realized without the need for synthesis. Importantly, through analytical analysis and exemplar simulations, it is proved that, besides the conventional DM application scenario, i.e., secure transmission to one legitimate receiver located along one spatial direction in free space, the proposed synthesis-free DM transmitter should also perform well for systems where there are more than one legitimate receiver positioned along different directions in free space, and where one or more legitimate receivers exist in a multipath environment. None of these have ever been achieved before using synthesis-free DM arrangements.
47 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: Directional modulation, as a promising physical-layer security technique, is able to secure wireless communications by virtue of the property of its direction-dependent signal modulation format transmission.
Abstract: Directional modulation (DM), as a promising physical-layer security technique, is able to secure wireless communications by virtue of the property of its direction-dependent signal modulation format transmission. Here modulated signal waveform signatures can only be detected by legitimate receiver(s) positioned along a-prior assigned directions. This paper reviews the development in DM technology over recent years, and provides some recommendations for future studies.
16 citations
Additional excerpts
...Mathematically, it is defined as in (1), [1], 2 _ 1 1 DM 2 _ 1 1 PE 100% N N in nonDM i n N N in DM i n...
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01 Nov 2013
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of an array antenna configured for direction dependent antenna modulation is examined for the case of multi-path transmission, and the modulation properties of the directly modulated array system with multipath are compared to those transmitted by an equivalent array with a purely LOS communication link.
Abstract: An antenna system configured to provide direction dependent modulation is shown to increase the security of data transmission especially against eavesdropping at directions which are very close to the desired recipient. Such a transmitter system is based on a directly modulated array which can simultaneously send independent signals to multiple spatially separated recipients. In this contribution the performance of an array antenna configured for direction dependent antenna modulation is examined for the case of multi-path transmission. The modulation properties of the directly modulated array system with multipath are compared to those transmitted by an equivalent array with a purely LOS communication link.
13 citations
Cites methods from "Secure physical-layer communication..."
...INTRODUCTION Direct antenna modulation (DAM) has recently been proposed as a potential method to enhance the security of wireless communication systems [1]-[9]....
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...It is shown in [9] that such a modulation scheme can easily be generated in the broadside transmission direction by using a two-element array with 2-bit phase control....
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...One solution to the vulnerability of conventional DAM is presented in [9] which the error rate performance is improved by combining large inter-element spacing with directive array elements....
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...In previous work we described a two-element array system with 2-bit digital phase control configured for DAM [6]-[9], and explicit examples of directional error rates as a function of transmission angle are presented in [6], [7], [9]....
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TL;DR: Simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed DM schemes and demonstrate that multiple antenna arrays model based DM methods outperform single antenna array model aided DM methods in security.
Abstract: Directional modulation (DM) technique has the ability to enhance the physical layer security (PLS) of wireless communications. Conventional DM schemes are usually based on a single antenna array with the basic assumption that eavesdroppers (Eves) and legitimate users (LUs) are in different directions. However, it is possible that Eves are in the same direction as LUs in practical applications. As a result, signals received by Eves will be approximately the same or even in better quality than those received by LUs. To address the neighbor security issue, we introduce a multiple antenna arrays model at the transmitter side with the help of the artificial noise (AN)-aided DM technique to achieve secure and precise DM transmission in this paper. Meanwhile, to recover the mixed useful signals, two novel DM schemes based on single- and multi-carrier multiple antenna arrays model are proposed, respectively. In addition, the symbol error rate (SER), secrecy rate, and robustness performance of the proposed DM schemes were analyzed and simulated. Simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed DM schemes and demonstrate that multiple antenna arrays model based DM methods outperform single antenna array model aided DM methods in security.
9 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The most up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design as mentioned in this paper provides an extended coverage of ABET design procedures and equations making meeting ABET requirements easy and preparing readers for authentic situations in industry.
Abstract: The most-up-to-date resource available on antenna theory and design Expanded coverage of design procedures and equations makes meeting ABET design requirements easy and prepares readers for authentic situations in industry New coverage of microstrip antennas exposes readers to information vital to a wide variety of practical applicationsComputer programs at end of each chapter and the accompanying disk assist in problem solving, design projects and data plotting-- Includes updated material on moment methods, radar cross section, mutual impedances, aperture and horn antennas, and antenna measurements-- Outstanding 3-dimensional illustrations help readers visualize the entire antenna radiation pattern
14,065 citations
"Secure physical-layer communication..." refers background in this paper
...The radiation pattern of the horn elements have nulls at angles which are given by [8]:...
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...A linear phased array with isotropic radiators has grating lobes at angles defined by [8]:...
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TL;DR: In this article, a directional modulation (DM) technique using a phased array to produce the modulation is presented, where the desired amplitude and phase of each symbol in a digital modulation scheme can be produced in a given direction with data rates determined by the switching speed of the phase shifters.
Abstract: A directional modulation (DM) technique using a phased array to produce the modulation is presented. By phase shifting each element correctly, the desired amplitude and phase of each symbol in a digital modulation scheme can be produced in a given direction with data rates determined by the switching speed of the phase shifters. Because this signal is direction-dependent, the technique offers security, as the signal can be purposely distorted in other directions. DM also enables an array to send independent data in multiple directions. When using an array with driven elements, the phase shifts can be determined from simple calculations rather than time-consuming simulations or measurements. Mathematical analysis and experimental results are presented.
383 citations
"Secure physical-layer communication..." refers background or methods in this paper
...45GHz has also been reported [3] and a system based on a four element linear phased array is described in [4], [5]....
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...The simulated received signals for both the conventional base-band modulation system and the DAM system are then demodulated according to a minimum distance decoding algorithm [4], [6], [7]....
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TL;DR: Two fully-integrated proof-of-concept NFDAM transmitters operating at 60 GHz using switches and varactors are demonstrated in silicon proving the feasibility of this approach.
Abstract: A near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) technique is introduced, where the radiated far-field signal is modulated by time-varying changes in the antenna near-field electromagnetic (EM) boundary conditions. This enables the transmitter to send data in a direction-dependent fashion producing a secure communication link. Near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) can be performed by using either switches or varactors. Two fully-integrated proof-of-concept NFDAM transmitters operating at 60 GHz using switches and varactors are demonstrated in silicon proving the feasibility of this approach.
202 citations
"Secure physical-layer communication..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The concept of directional antenna modulation was first introduced in [1], [2], which describe a system in which the transmit antenna is an array consisting of a single driven element and several, closely coupled, parasitic elements....
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...Direct antenna modulation (DAM) has been proposed as a potential method for enhancing the security of wireless communication systems [1]-[7]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a four-symbol modulation is created by repeated switching of phase shifters in a phased array, in a technique known as directional modulation (DM), where phase shifts are chosen to minimize the bit error rate (BER) in a line-of-sight channel in a desired direction while maximizing the BER elsewhere.
Abstract: A four-symbol modulation is created by repeated switching of phase shifters in a phased array, in a technique known as directional modulation (DM). The phase shifts are chosen to minimize the bit error rate (BER) in a line-of-sight channel in a desired direction while maximizing the BER elsewhere. A DM transmitter is demonstrated in an anechoic chamber, and results are compared with a traditional baseband QPSK modulation using the same phased array. Experiments indicate that the DM transmitter creates a narrower region of low BERs around the desired direction than the traditional phased array while maintaining high BERs in the sidelobe regions.
185 citations
"Secure physical-layer communication..." refers background in this paper
...45GHz has also been reported [3] and a system based on a four element linear phased array is described in [4], [5]....
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TL;DR: NFDAM systems provide a unique solution for transmitting highly secured direction-dependent data and hence preventing eavesdroppers from properly demodulating the signal.
Abstract: NFDAM systems provide a unique solution for transmitting highly secured direction-dependent data and hence preventing eavesdroppers from properly demodulating the signal. A 60-GHz proof-of-concept chip was designed and measured.
145 citations
"Secure physical-layer communication..." refers background in this paper
...The concept of directional antenna modulation was first introduced in [1], [2], which describe a system in which the transmit antenna is an array consisting of a single driven element and several, closely coupled, parasitic elements....
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