Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination

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Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination

31 Jul 1994-

TL;DR: Seeds: Germination, Structure, and Composition; Development-Regulation and Maturation; Mobilization of Stored Seed Reserves; and some Ecophysiological Aspects.

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Abstract: Seeds: Germination, Structure, and Composition. Seed Development and Maturation. Development-Regulation and Maturation. Cellular Events during Germination and Seedling Growth. Dormancy and the Control of Germination. Some Ecophysiological Aspects of Germination. Mobilization of Stored Seed Reserves. Control of the Mobilization of Stored Reserves. Seeds and Germination: Some Agricultural and Industrial Aspects. Index.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Seed dormancy and the control of germination

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William E. Finch-Savage¹, Gerhard Leubner-Metzger²•Institutions (2)

University of Warwick¹, University of Freiburg²

01 Aug 2006-New Phytologist

TL;DR: It is argued that adaptation has taken place on a theme rather than via fundamentally different paths and similarities underlying the extensive diversity in the dormancy response to the environment that controls germination are identified.

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Abstract: Seed dormancy is an innate seed property that defines the environmental conditions in which the seed is able to germinate. It is determined by genetics with a substantial environmental influence which is mediated, at least in part, by the plant hormones abscisic acid and gibberellins. Not only is the dormancy status influenced by the seed maturation environment, it is also continuously changing with time following shedding in a manner determined by the ambient environment. As dormancy is present throughout the higher plants in all major climatic regions, adaptation has resulted in divergent responses to the environment. Through this adaptation, germination is timed to avoid unfavourable weather for subsequent plant establishment and reproductive growth. In this review, we present an integrated view of the evolution, molecular genetics, physiology, biochemistry, ecology and modelling of seed dormancy mechanisms and their control of germination. We argue that adaptation has taken place on a theme rather than via fundamentally different paths and identify similarities underlying the extensive diversity in the dormancy response to the environment that controls germination.

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2,411 citations

Cites background from "Seeds: Physiology of Development an..."

...Journal compilation © New Phytologist (2006) Review504 light changes the seed so that it can germinate in darkness and is therefore the last step in the dormancy-breaking process, rather than the first step in the germination process (Bewley & Black, 1994; Pons, 2000; Leubner-Metzger, 2003)....
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...…both dormancy and germination and that light regulates germination; however, it is a matter of debate whether light is also a regulator of dormancy (Bewley & Black, 1994; Vleeshouwers et al ., 1995; Casal & Sanchez, 1998; Pons, 2000; Baskin & Baskin, 2004; Fenner & Thompson, 2005; Kucera et al .,…...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Molecular Aspects of Seed Dormancy

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Ruth R. Finkelstein¹, Wendy Reeves¹, Tohru Ariizumi², Camille M. Steber²•Institutions (2)

University of California, Santa Barbara¹, Washington State University²

29 Apr 2008-Annual Review of Plant Biology

TL;DR: The net result is a slightly heterogeneous response, thereby providing more temporal options for successful germination.

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Abstract: Seed dormancy provides a mechanism for plants to delay germina- tion until conditions are optimal for survival of the next generation. Dormancy release is regulated by a combination of environmental and endogenous signals with both synergistic and competing effects. Molecular studies of dormancy have correlated changes in transcrip- tomes, proteomes, and hormone levels with dormancy states ranging from deep primary or secondary dormancy to varying degrees of re- lease. The balance of abscisic acid (ABA):gibberellin (GA) levels and sensitivity is a major, but not the sole, regulator of dormancy status. ABA promotes dormancy induction and maintenance, whereas GA promotes progression from release through germination; environ- mental signals regulate this balance by modifying the expression of biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes. Mediators of environmental and hormonal response include both positive and negative regulators, many of which are feedback-regulated to enhance or attenuate the response. The net result is a slightly heterogeneous response, thereby providing more temporal options for successful germination.

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1,153 citations

Cites background from "Seeds: Physiology of Development an..."

...ABA: abscisic acid However, lack of seed dormancy is not desirable because it may cause preharvest sprouting, a serious problem in cereals including rice, wheat, barley, and maize (17), and nondormant mutants can have reduced seed longevity (36)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

OXYGEN DEFICIENCY AND ROOT METABOLISM: Injury and Acclimation Under Hypoxia and Anoxia

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Malcolm C. Drew¹•Institutions (1)

Texas A&M University¹

01 Jun 1997

TL;DR: This review examines how roots are injured by O2 deficiency and how metabolism changes during acclimation to low concentrations of O2, and indicates that selective sacrifice of cells may resemble programmed cell death and is distinct from cell death caused by anoxia.

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Abstract: Oxygen deficiency in the rooting zone occurs with poor drainage after rain or irrigation, causing depressed growth and yield of dryland species, in contrast with native wetland vegetation that tolerates such conditions. This review examines how roots are injured by O2 deficiency and how metabolism changes during acclimation to low concentrations of O2. In the root apical meristem, cell survival is important for the future development; metabolic changes under anoxia help maintain cell survival by generating ATP anaerobically and minimizing the cytoplasmic acidosis associated with cell death. Behind the apex, where cells are fully expanded, ethylene-dependent death and lysis occurs under hypoxia to form continuous, gas-filled channels (aerenchyma) conveying O2 from the leaves. This selective sacrifice of cells may resemble programmed cell death and is distinct from cell death caused by anoxia. Evidence concerning alternative possible mechanisms of anoxia tolerance and avoidance is presented.

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1,104 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Seed Dormancy and Germination

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Maarten Koornneef¹, Leónie Bentsink¹, Henk W. M. Hilhorst¹•Institutions (1)

Wageningen University and Research Centre¹

01 Feb 2002-Current Opinion in Plant Biology

TL;DR: In this article, the role of the plant hormones abscisic acid and gibberellin in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination has been investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana.

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1,057 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Active oxygen species and antioxidants in seed biology

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Christophe Bailly¹•Institutions (1)

Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University¹

01 May 2004-Seed Science Research

TL;DR: Active oxygen species, which occurs during seed desiccation, germination and ageing, may lead to oxidative stress and cellular damage, resulting in seed deterioration, but cells are endowed with detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant compounds that scavenge AOS and participate in seed survival.

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Abstract: Active oxygen species (AOS) are involved in various aspects of seed physiology. Their generation, which occurs during seed desiccation, germination and ageing, may lead to oxidative stress and cellular damage, resulting in seed deterioration. However, cells are endowed with detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant compounds that scavenge AOS and participate in seed survival. The detoxifying mechanisms play a key role in acquisition of desiccation tolerance of developing seeds, completion of seed germination and seed storability. However, AOS must also be regarded as molecules intervening in cellular signalling. They are involved in growth processes occurring at early embryogenesis during seed development, and participate in the mechanisms underlying radicle protrusion during seed germination. AOS might also have a regulatory function in the changes in gene expression during seed development, dormancy and germination. Their interplay with other molecules, particularly with hormones such as abscisic acid, suggests that they should be considered as key components of an integrated signalling network involved in many aspects of seed physiology.

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962 citations

Cites background from "Seeds: Physiology of Development an..."

...In the case of orthodox seeds, respiration is intense during the first stages of embryogenesis, but it strongly decreases during the desiccation phase on the mother plant and becomes nil when seeds are quiescent (Bewley and Black, 1994)....
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...Moreover, some developing embryos contain functional chloroplasts with photosynthetic activity, but the contribution of the latter to seed filling seems to vary greatly among species (Bewley and Black, 1994)....
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...The inability of seeds to germinate in apparently favourable environmental conditions is referred to as dormancy (Bewley and Black, 1994)....
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...AOS and the inability to germinate: seed dormancy and ageing The inability of seeds to germinate in apparently favourable environmental conditions is referred to as dormancy (Bewley and Black, 1994)....
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Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination

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