Selection of suitable model for different matrices of raw materials used in supercritical fluid extraction process
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical modeling of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process is carried out using mass transfer resistances, which is a sustainable green process for the extraction.
Abstract: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process is the sustainable green process for the extraction. Mathematical modeling of SFE process is carried out using mass transfer resistances, which ...
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TL;DR: In this article, different mathematical models were selected from literature and solved using COMSOL Multiphysics software. And the authors investigated suitable model for supercritical fluid extraction of carrot seed oil.
Abstract: To investigate suitable model for supercritical fluid extraction of carrot seed oil, different mathematical models are selected from literature and solved using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Operating parameters such as pressure, temperature, solvent flow rate, and addition of co-solvent are varied in ranges as 200–400 bar, 50–70 °C, 5–15 g/min, and 0–10 wt%, respectively. Solvent and solid phase mass transfer coefficients, easily accessible oil content and equilibrium constant are considered as tuning parameters to fit the model with experimental data. Oil yield is increased with pressure (400 bar) and temperature (70 °C) whereas, its value is highest at the solvent flow rate of 10 g/min, and co-solvent of 5 wt%. Thus, these values of parameters are considered as optimum points.
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29 Mar 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model for steam distillation extraction of air-dried Ocimum basilicum (basil) leaves has been developed and tested using a small-scale pilot plant.
Abstract: Steam distillation is the conventional means by which oils are extracted in the flavour and fragrance industry. A mathematical model for the steam distillation extraction (SDE) of air-dried Ocimum basilicum (basil) leaves has been developed and tested using a small-scale pilot plant. The model predicts the removal of oil components from the plant matrix and subsequent transfer to the steam. It also accounts for the diffusional transfer of components within the leaf and the simultaneous convective transfer into the vapour phase while also respecting the individual components’ volatilities. It has been applied vertically on an element-by-element basis through the bed for a mixture of major and minor components. The proposed SDE model appears to be a good match between predicted values and the experimental data. The model predicts a faster initial extraction rate for components such as α-pinene and α-terpinene, possibly due to preferential extraction of light, volatile components present in larger quantities.
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TL;DR: In this article , a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of essential oil from turmeric root waste is studied. And the most optimized conditions for maximum oil yield OY are found through ANN since ANN can predict OY values for conditions for which experimental results do not exist.
Abstract: The present study focuses on supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of essential oil from turmeric root waste. It is an analytical extension of our previous experimental work (Priyanka and Khanam, 2018a, Priyanka and Khanam, 2018b). As one of the objectives, a physico-chemical characterization study shows that turmeric root oil is rich in oleic acids, making it suitable for use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. The other objective is to gain more insights into the experimental observations through two analytical methods – Mathematical Modelling (MM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Through MM, it is seen that the SFE of turmeric root has an initial fast extraction followed by a slow extraction phase, and the solid phase mass transfer resistance dominates the process. The most optimized conditions for maximum oil yield OY are found through ANN since ANN can predict OY values for conditions for which experimental results do not exist. Phenomena like solute-solvent repulsion, volatility, and the role of intra-cellular structures are investigated through optimization of pressure, temperature, solvent/ co-solvent flow rates, and particle size. Through this work, the significance of turmeric root oil is established, a method of extraction is proposed, the physics involved in extraction is investigated, and optimized parameters for the extraction are suggested.
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TL;DR: In this article, a central composite design was employed on reduced parameters with operating ranges: 20-40MPa (pressure), 50-70°C (temperature), 5-15g/min (solvent flow rate) and 0-10% (co-solvent).
Abstract: In this study, the extraction of carrot seed oil is carried out using supercritical CO2. Screening design was applied on operating parameters such as pressure, temperature, solvent flow rate, particle size and co-solvent to study the contribution of each parameter on extraction yield. Central composite design is employed on reduced parameters with operating ranges: 20–40 MPa (pressure), 50–70 °C (temperature), 5–15 g/min (solvent flow rate) and 0–10 wt% (co-solvent). Extraction yield is varied from 2.8 to 12.9 wt% of carrot seed. Experimental data are fitted well in the least-square regression model where optimized conditions are found as 40 MPa, 70 °C, 8.53 g/min and 5.87 wt% corresponding to the maximum yield of 13.5 wt%. Analysis of oil reveals the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Principle fatty acid of carrot seed oil, i.e., oleic acid, is also optimized to maximize its extraction. The industrial-scale economic assessment is performed to study the feasibility of the supercritical fluid extraction of carrot seed oil.
1 citations
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TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of the analytical, processing and modeling aspects of supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oils has never been attempted as discussed by the authors, partly due to the difficulties involved in isolating essential oils from the other products which supercritical carbon dioxide can dissolve.
Abstract: Supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oils is one of the most widely discussed applications in the supercritical fluid literature. Nevertheless, a comprehensive overview of the analytical, processing and modeling aspects has never been attempted. This is partly due to the difficulties involved in isolating essential oils from the other products which supercritical CO2 can dissolve. Moreover, only a limited number of studies provide quantitative data on the parameters governing this process.
In this review, solubility data on pure compounds belonging to essential oils are analyzed. Processes proposed to isolate and fractionate essential oils by supercritical CO2 and the corresponding modelling aspects are discussed critically.
643 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a model based on the assumption of plug flow of supercritical solvent through a fixed bed of milled material was developed for both extraction periods and a new model with analytical solution was developed on the basis of these models.
Abstract: During the extraction from milled vegetable material, the easily accessible solute from the cells opened by milling is extracted first, and the slower extraction of the solute protected by the cell walls follows. Mathematical models based on the assumption of plug flow of supercritical solvent through a fixed bed of milled material were published for both extraction periods. A new model with analytical solution was developed on the basis of these models. Extraction parameters can be evaluated by comparison of extraction curves calculated by the model with experimental data.
504 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the extraction of essential oil from peppermint leaves with supercritical carbon dioxide was studied in a semibatch-flow extraction apparatus, and the extraction rates of the major components, l-menthol and menthone, were measured at various conditions: 313-353 K, 8.83-19.6 MPa.
Abstract: The extraction of essential oil from peppermint leaves with supercritical carbon dioxide was studied in a semibatch-flow extraction apparatus. The extraction rates of the major components, l-menthol and menthone, were measured at various conditions: 313–353 K, 8.83–19.6 MPa. The exit concentration of l-menthol extracted from peppermint leaves was much smaller than the solubility of l-menthol. The extraction curves at various flow rates coincide in the plot of yield versus quantity of CO2 consumed. A mathematical model based on the local adsorption equilibrium of essential oil on lipid in leaves and mass transfer well described the extraction results. The adsorption equilibrium constant determined by filling the theoretical extraction curve to the experimental data increased with temperature and decreased with pressure.
201 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, experimental results of supercritical fluid extraction from various herbaceous matrices are presented. But the results of these results are based on the description of the mass transfer from a single spherical particle and the simultaneous extraction of two pseudocompounds.
Abstract: Experimental results of supercritical fluid extraction from various herbaceous matrices are presented. In optimal extraction conditions, the use of a fractional separation technique allows a nearly complete separation of the extract in cuticular waxes and essential oil. The modeling of these results is proposed starting from the description of the mass transfer from a single spherical particle. The simultaneous extraction of two pseudocompounds is assumed to simulate the two compound families obtained by fractionation. The model is then extended to simulate the whole extractor. The yields of essential oil and cuticular waxes obtained from rosemary, basil, and marjoram leaves are fairly simulated by the model. Intraparticle mass transfer resulted as the controlling stage in supercritical extraction of essential oils.
187 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a supercritical CO-sub 2 extraction of essential oils from leaves was studied using sage at 90 bar (9 MPa) and 50 C. The model proposed was based on differential mass balances performed along the extraction bed.
Abstract: Modeling of supercritical CO{sub 2} extraction of essential oils from leaves was studied using sage at 90 bar (9 MPa) and 50 C. The fractional separation of the extracts enabled essential oil to be obtained. Four mean sage particle sizes ranging from 0.25 to 3.10 mm were tested. The model proposed was based on differential mass balances performed along the extraction bed. Experimental data suggest that the internal mass transfer was the controlling stage for the extraction process. Different hypotheses were tested on vegetable matter geometry, and their incidence on the model performance was evaluated. The particle shape proved to be a key factor in fitting experimental results, which were fairly good when the conventional spherical geometry was replaced by a realistic slab geometry. Diffusivity of the solute in the solid matrix was used as the only adjustable parameter of the model; its best fit value was 6.0 {times} 10{sup {minus}13} m{sup 2}/s. The effect of the introduction of particle-size distribution into calculations was also tested. To verify if the external mass-transfer mechanisms influence the extraction process, experiments at two different CO{sub 2} flow rates were also performed. Simplified models were also considered, and the extent of approximations was evaluated.
139 citations
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