Self-directing optimization of parameters for extracellular chitinase production by Trichoderma harzianum in batch mode
TL;DR: The self-directing optimization or the rotating simplex method of optimization was employed to determine the best suitable combination of parameters, pH (controlled), aeration rate and agitation rate for maximal production of chitinase by Trichoderma harzianum in batch culture.
About: This article is published in Process Biochemistry.The article was published on 1999-09-01. It has received 47 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Trichoderma harzianum.
Citations
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TL;DR: The study revealed that the pH and agitation rate were the most significant factors for the effects on chitinase production, Nevertheless, agitation rate and aeration rate could affect dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration that in turn affected V. lecanii growth and chit inase production.
62 citations
TL;DR: Effect of 19 different medium components on chitinase production by marine isolate Pantoea dispersa was studied by Plackett–Burman design and increase in production of endochit inase and chitobiase was observed.
58 citations
TL;DR: A reconsideration in terms of understanding the roles of chitinolytic enzymes in applications, e.g. host–pathogen interaction for biocontrol, different mechanisms of ch itin degradation, and identification of new enzymes with varying specificities may make them more useful in a variety of commercial processes in the near future.
Abstract: Chitin, its deacetylated form, chitosan and chitinolytic enzymes viz. endo-chitinase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, chitosanase, chitin deacetylase (CDA) are gaining importance for their biotechnological applications. Presently, chitin degrading enzymes constitute high-cost low-volume products in human health care and associated research. Indeed chitinases and CDA-chitosanase complex possesss tremendous potential in agriculture to control plant pathogenic fungi and insects. The success in exploring chitinases especially for agriculture, i.e. as a high-volume low-cost product, depends on the availability of highly active preparations with a reasonable cost. Therefore, a reconsideration in terms of understanding the roles of chitinolytic enzymes in applications, e.g. host-pathogen interaction for biocontrol, different mechanisms of chitin degradation, and identification of new enzymes with varying specificities, may make them more useful in a variety of commercial processes in the near future. The possible issues and challenges encountered in the translation of proof of concept into a commercial product will be appraised in this review.
55 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that Karst caves encompass a high fungal diversity, including a number of previously unknown species, including one new genus of Cordycipitaceae, Gamszarea, and five new combinations are established.
Abstract: Karst caves are characterized by darkness, low temperature, high humidity, and oligotrophic organisms due to its relatively closed and strongly zonal environments. Up to now, 1626 species in 644 genera of fungi have been reported from caves and mines worldwide. In this study, we investigated the culturable mycobiota in karst caves in southwest China. In total, 251 samples from thirteen caves were collected and 2344 fungal strains were isolated using dilution plate method. Preliminary ITS analyses showed that these strains belonged to 610 species in 253 genera. Among these species, 88.0% belonged to Ascomycota, 8.0% Basidiomycota, 1.9% Mortierellomycota, 1.9% Mucoromycota, and 0.2% Glomeromycota. The majority of these species have been previously known from other environments, and some of them are known as mycorrhizal or pathogenic fungi. About 52.8% of these species were discovered for the first time in karst caves. Based on morphological and phylogenetic distinctions, 33 new species were identified and described in this paper. Meanwhile, one new genus of Cordycipitaceae, Gamszarea, and five new combinations are established. This work further demonstrated that Karst caves encompass a high fungal diversity, including a number of previously unknown species. Taxonomic novelties: New genus: Gamszarea Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai; Novel species: Amphichorda cavernicola, Aspergillus limoniformis, Aspergillus phialiformis, Aspergillus phialosimplex, Auxarthron chinense, Auxarthron guangxiense, Auxarthronopsis globiasca, Auxarthronopsis pedicellaris, Auxarthronopsis pulverea, Auxarthronopsis stercicola, Chrysosporium pallidum, Gamszarea humicola, Gamszarea lunata, Gamszarea microspora, Gymnoascus flavus, Jattaea reniformis, Lecanicillium magnisporum, Microascus collaris, Microascus levis, Microascus sparsimycelialis, Microascus superficialis, Microascus trigonus, Nigrospora globosa, Paracremonium apiculatum, Paracremonium ellipsoideum, Paraphaeosphaeria hydei, Pseudoscopulariopsis asperispora, Setophaeosphaeria microspora, Simplicillium album, Simplicillium humicola, Wardomycopsis dolichi, Wardomycopsis ellipsoconidiophora, Wardomycopsis fusca; New combinations: Gamszarea indonesiaca (Kurihara & Sukarno) Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai, Gamszarea kalimantanensis (Kurihara & Sukarno) Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai, Gamszarea restricta (Hubka, Kubatova, Nonaka, Cmokova & Řehulka) Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai, Gamszarea testudinea (Hubka, Kubatova, Nonaka, Cmokova & Řehulka) Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai, Gamszarea wallacei (H.C. Evans) Z.F. Zhang & L. Cai.
53 citations
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: Solid state fermentation can be directly carried out with abundant low-cost biomaterials with minimal or no pretreatment, and thus is relatively simple, uses less energy than submerged fermentation (SmF), and can provide unique microenvironments conducive to microbial growth and metabolic activities.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the recent advances in solid state fermentation (SSF) system research and development. SSF can be directly carried out with abundant low-cost biomaterials (starch, cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, and chitin etc.) with minimal or no pretreatment, and thus is relatively simple, uses less energy than submerged fermentation (SmF), and can provide unique microenvironments conducive to microbial growth and metabolic activities. Organic acids and industrial enzymes are the two most common categories of products from SSF. With little or no free water in the fermentation bed, SSF generates higher volumetric productivity and less waste water. The extraction of products from the fermentation bed provides more concentrated solutions than submerged fermentation for the downstream processes. All the advantages of SSF suggest that SSF has a high potential as a much more economical industrial process. However, its industrial applications are very limited, especially in western countries. The main problem is that the development of a simple and practical automated fermenter for SSF processes has not yet been achieved. Traditionally, SSF is carried out in trays or packed-bed bioreactors. These conventional reactors are simple to construct and widely used, but cannot provide enough mass and heat transfer, which are very important for fermentation processes.
51 citations
References
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TL;DR: Serratia marcescens was found to be the most active organism of 100 tested for the production of chitinase and Enterobacter liquefaciens produced nearly as much enzyme.
Abstract: Serratia marcescens was found to be the most active organism of 100 tested for the production of chitinase. Enterobacter liquefaciens produced nearly as much enzyme. Under optimal conditions high y...
532 citations
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: Isolates of T. harzianum were found to differ in the levels of hydrolytic enzymes produced when mycelium of S. rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, and Pythium aphanidermatum in soil was attacked, correlated with the ability of each of the Trichoderma isolates to control the respective soilborne pathogens.
494 citations
TL;DR: Trichoderma harzianum excreted β-1, 3-glucanase and chitinase into the medium when grown on laminarin and Chitin, respectively, or on cell walls of the pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Trichoderma harzianum excreted β-1, 3-glucanase and chitinase into the medium when grown on laminarin and chitin, respectively, or on cell walls of the pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii, as sole carbon s...
479 citations
TL;DR: Chitinase induction in plants is not considered solely as an antifungal resistance mechanism, but there is some circumstantial evidence to suggest a morphogenetic role despite the apparent absence of the substrate in plant cells.
Abstract: There has been a considerable amount of recent research aimed at elucidating the roles of chitinase in fungi and plants. In filamentous fungi and yeasts, chitinase is involved integrally in cell wall morphogenesis. Chitinase is also involved in the early events of host-parasite interactions of biotrophic and necrotrophic mycoparasites, entomopathogenic fungi and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In plants, induction of chitinase and other hydrolytic enzymes is one of a coordinated, often complex and multifaceted defense mechanism triggered in response to phytopathogen attack. Chitinase induction in plants is not considered solely as an antifungal resistance mechanism. Plant chitinases can be induced by various abiotic factors as well and there is some circumstantial evidence to suggest a morphogenetic role despite the apparent absence of the substrate in plant cells. Finally, some chitinases and other chitin-binding proteins including some plant lectins share chitin-binding domains as part of their molecular structure and provide fuel for the so-called ‘lectin-chitinase’ debate and speculation for the origin of chitinase in plants.
390 citations
TL;DR: Experimental results indicate that Serratia marcescens QMB1466 is suitable for use in the proposed bioconversion of shellfish chitin wastes to single-cell protein of value in animal or aquaculture feed formulations or to other products.
Abstract: A process was conceptualized for bioconversion of shellfish chitin wastes to single-cell protein of value in animal or aquaculture feed formulations or to other products. An extracellular chitinase enzyme system obtained by a submerged culture of microorganisms is contacted with the chitin waste, hydrolyzing it to smaller sugar units. The hydrolysate is converted to a marketable product. Experimental results indicate that Serratia marcescens QMB1466 is suitable for use in the proposed process. Hydrolysis of various chitinous waste preparations shows the culture filtrate to be effective in decomposing the substrate. For crude preparations, hydrolysis slows after approximately 40 hr. Colloidal chitin is almost completely dissolved after 60 hr.
81 citations