Self-Efficacy and Subjective Norms as Moderators in the Networking Competence–Social Entrepreneurial Intentions Link
TL;DR: The authors examines self-efficacy and subjective norms (moral obligation, empathy, and perceived social support) as moderators of the effect networking competence has on social entrepreneurial inte... and examines selfefficacy, subjective norms, and moral obligation as moderators.
Abstract: This study examines self-efficacy and subjective norms (moral obligation, empathy, and perceived social support) as moderators of the effect networking competence has on social entrepreneurial inte...
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Rodrik et al. as mentioned in this paper opined that EU is a primjer uspjesne regionalne ekonomske integracije, ali u ovo krizno vrijeme pokazuje totalnu konfuziju oko odabira dvije od tri ponuđene opcije.
Abstract: Poruka koju nam salje knjiga Paradoks globalizacije može se jednostavno sažeti rijecima da je samo stabilna i zdrava domaca ekonomska politika temelj otvorene međunarodne ekonomije i da su samo stabilne politicke zajednice temelj mirom prožetog i stabilnog međunarodnog poretka. Implikacije ove dvije teze su siroke, ali vrlo su zanimljive u kontekstu dužnicke krize koja potresa eurozonu vec pune dvije godine. Dubinska ekonomska integracija u domeni fiskalne politike bez demokratizacije EU i nametanje tehnokratskih rjesenja izvana uz zanemarivanje domacih razvojnih potreba nije rjesenje za probleme u kojima se ona trenutacno nalazi. Rodrik navodi EU kao primjer uspjesne regionalne ekonomske integracije, ali koja u ovo krizno vrijeme pokazuje totalnu konfuziju oko odabira dvije od tri ponuđene opcije. Uz sve sto je autor naveo kao dio friedmanovske hiperglobalisticke zablude sasvim je izvjesno da bi u kontekstu europske integracije autor na prvo mjesto stavio kombinaciju ekonomske integracije i demokratizacije EU, na drugo mjesto nacionalni suverenitet i demokratsku politiku, a kao najnepoželjniji scenarij duboku ekonomsku integraciju i nacionalne države kao dio integracije sui generis sputane luđackom kosuljom supranacionalne politike bez demokratskog legitimiteta ili diktatom Merkozy.
278 citations
18 Jan 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, a short history of social entrepreneurship in order to frame up a discussion of youth-centered social entrepreneurship is provided. But the authors focus on the early movements of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship.
Abstract: This chapter provides a short history of social entrepreneurship in order to frame up a discussion of youth-centered social entrepreneurship. The chapter explores the basic concepts and foundational elements of social entrepreneurship as a whole before differentiating it with youth social entrepreneurship. It includes a description of early movements of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise. The reader who is new to the field of social entrepreneurship will find this chapter to be an appropriate introduction, while readers who are more experienced in this area will find it to be a review that shapes the explorations of youth social entrepreneurship to come.
108 citations
01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The authors analyzed the long-term imprinting effect by using the distance to coalfields as an exogenous instrument for the regional presence of large-scale industries and found that British regions with high employment shares of large scale industries in the 19th century, due to their spatial proximity to coal mines, have lower entrepreneurship rates and weaker entrepreneurship culture today.
Abstract: There is mounting evidence demonstrating that entrepreneurship is spatially clustered and that these spatial differences are quite persistent over long periods of time. However, especially the sources of that persistence are not yet well-understood, and it is largely unclear whether persistent differences in entrepreneurship are reflected in differences in entrepreneurship culture across space as it is often argued in the literature. We approach the cluster phenomenon by theorizing that a historically high regional presence of large-scale firms negatively affects entrepreneurship, due to low levels of human capital and entrepreneurial skills, fewer opportunities for entry and entrepreneurship inhibiting formal and informal institutions. These effects can become self-perpetuating over time, ultimately resulting in persistent low levels of entrepreneurship activity and entrepreneurship culture. Using data from Great Britain, we analyze this long-term imprinting effect by using the distance to coalfields as an exogenous instrument for the regional presence of large-scale industries. IV regressions show that British regions with high employment shares of large-scale industries in the 19th century, due to spatial proximity to coalfields, have lower entrepreneurship rates and weaker entrepreneurship culture today. We control for an array of competing hypotheses like agglomeration forces, the regional knowledge stock, climate, and soil quality. Our main results are robust with respect to inclusion of these control variables and various other modifications which demonstrates the credibility of our empirical identification strategy. A mediation analysis reveals that a substantial part of the impact of large-scale industries on entrepreneurship is through human capital.
14 citations
26 Feb 2021
TL;DR: A literature review of social entrepreneurial intentions is presented in this paper, where a total of 51/138 articles related to social entrepreneurial intention searched from the Scopus database, published between 2006 and 2020, were analyzed.
Abstract: social entrepreneurial intention, social entrepreneurship, systematic literature review Since 2017, social entrepreneurial intentions are a rapidly growing field of research. The research to explain the formation of intent to establish social enterprises be approached from many aspects, as well as based on different theoretical backgrounds. However, a large part of this study lacked systematization and classifications, and there seems to be a tendency to start anew with every study. Therefore, there should be an overview of current knowledge in this field. In this sense, this article does a literature review of social entrepreneurial intentions. A total of 51/138 articles related to social entrepreneurial intentions searched from the Scopus database, published between 2006 and 2020, were analyzed. The purpose and contribution of this paper are to provide a clearer picture of the research approaches in social startup intent research. Several research gaps are identified in each of these approaches, with implications for researchers interested in filling these theoretical gaps.
6 citations
Additional excerpts
...…Sousa-Filho, Matos, da Silva Trajano, & de Souza Lessa, 2020; Forster & Grichnik, 2013; Ghatak, Chatterjee, & Bhowmick, 2020; Hockerts, 2013, 2017; Igwe et al., 2020; Ip, Liang, Wu, Law, & Liu, 2018; Lacap, Mulyaningsih, & Ramadani, 2018; Liu, Liang, Chang, Ip, & Liang, 2020; Mair & Noboa, 2006;…...
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors explored the hotspots and trends of international research on college students' entrepreneurial intention by using a combination of coding and bibliometric analysis and found that the theory of planned behavior is the main theoretical basis of these studies; entrepreneurship education is a more important predictor of college student's entrepreneurial intention, and this relationship is regulated by multiple variables.
Abstract: Based on 454 articles related to college students' entrepreneurial intention in the Web of Science Core Collection, this study explores the hotspots and trends of international research on college students' entrepreneurial intention by using a combination of coding and bibliometric analysis. The research hotspots are as follows: the theory of planned behavior is the main theoretical basis of these studies; entrepreneurship education is a more important predictor of college students' entrepreneurial intention, and this relationship is regulated by multiple variables; personal traits, several types of capital theories, social entrepreneurial intention, and quantitative research methods are also common. The research fronts include the following: systematic review of the field, continuous attention to the theory of planned behavior, and in-depth exploration of the differentiated influence of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention. Finally, we proposed research thinking and prospects related to research on undergraduates' entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurship education.
2 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the adequacy of the conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice were examined, and the results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to.95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and G...
Abstract: This article examines the adequacy of the “rules of thumb” conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice. Using a 2‐index presentation strategy, which includes using the maximum likelihood (ML)‐based standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) and supplementing it with either Tucker‐Lewis Index (TLI), Bollen's (1989) Fit Index (BL89), Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Gamma Hat, McDonald's Centrality Index (Mc), or root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), various combinations of cutoff values from selected ranges of cutoff criteria for the ML‐based SRMR and a given supplemental fit index were used to calculate rejection rates for various types of true‐population and misspecified models; that is, models with misspecified factor covariance(s) and models with misspecified factor loading(s). The results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to .95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and G...
76,383 citations
"Self-Efficacy and Subjective Norms ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Also computed using the James Gaskin procedure were the average variance extracted (AVE) and CR scores, maximum shared variance (MSV), and average shared variances; these indices show high reliabilities in the data sets (Akaike, 1987; L. Hu & Bentler, 1999)....
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...…0.9 mark, root mean square residuals (RMR) at 0.028 well below 0.5, goodness of fit index (GFI) at 0.972, adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) at 0.954, incremental fit index (IFI) at 0.985, NFI at 0.967, and the root mean square error of approximation at 0.039 below 0.05 (L. Hu & Bentler, 1999)....
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TL;DR: Ajzen, 1985, 1987, this article reviewed the theory of planned behavior and some unresolved issues and concluded that the theory is well supported by empirical evidence and that intention to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior.
65,095 citations
"Self-Efficacy and Subjective Norms ..." refers background in this paper
...This finding is supported by the fact that moral obligation as a subjective norm is environment based (Ajzen, 1991)....
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...Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior holds that the major predictors of intention are perceived behavioral control (control beliefs), attitude toward a behavior, and subjective norms (Ajzen, 1991, 2002)....
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TL;DR: In this article, structural equation models with latent variables are defined, critiqued, and illustrated, and an overall program for model evaluation is proposed based upon an interpretation of converging and diverging evidence.
Abstract: Criteria for evaluating structural equation models with latent variables are defined, critiqued, and illustrated. An overall program for model evaluation is proposed based upon an interpretation of converging and diverging evidence. Model assessment is considered to be a complex process mixing statistical criteria with philosophical, historical, and theoretical elements. Inevitably the process entails some attempt at a reconcilation between so-called objective and subjective norms.
19,160 citations
"Self-Efficacy and Subjective Norms ..." refers background in this paper
...These indices show that the scale met the standard requirements of the construct, convergent, and discriminant validity (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988)....
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01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: There appears to be general agreement among social psychologists that most human behavior is goal-directed (e. g., Heider, 1958 ; Lewin, 1951), and human social behavior can best be described as following along lines of more or less well-formulated plans.
Abstract: There appears to be general agreement among social psychologists that most human behavior is goal-directed (e. g., Heider, 1958 ; Lewin, 1951). Being neither capricious nor frivolous, human social behavior can best be described as following along lines of more or less well-formulated plans. Before attending a concert, for example, a person may extend an invitation to a date, purchase tickets, change into proper attire, call a cab, collect the date, and proceed to the concert hall. Most, if not all, of these activities will have been designed in advance; their execution occurs as the plan unfolds. To be sure, a certain sequence of actions can become so habitual or routine that it is performed almost automatically, as in the case of driving from home to work or playing the piano. Highly developed skills of this kind typically no longer require conscious formulation of a behavioral plan. Nevertheless, at least in general outline, we are normally well aware of the actions required to attain a certain goal. Consider such a relatively routine behavior as typing a letter. When setting this activity as a goal, we anticipate the need to locate a typewriter, insert a sheet of paper, adjust the margins, formulate words and sentences, strike the appropriate keys, and so forth. Some parts of the plan are more routine, and require less conscious thought than others, but without an explicit or implicit plan to guide the required sequence of acts, no letter would get typed.
16,172 citations
"Self-Efficacy and Subjective Norms ..." refers background in this paper
...Logically, perceived behavioral control, rather than having a direct effect, is expected to interact with attitudes and with subjective norms in determining intentions, and with intentions in its effects on behavior (Ajzen, 1985)....
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...However, according to Ajzen (1985, 2002) and Rotter (1975), there are two prevailing opinions....
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...According to Ajzen (2002, p. 667), Logically, perceived behavioral control, rather than having a direct effect, is expected to interact with attitudes and with subjective norms in determining intentions, and with intentions in its effects on behavior (Ajzen, 1985)....
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TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that perceived behavioral control over performance of a behavior, though comprised of separable components that reflect beliefs about self-efficacy and about controllability, can nevertheless be considered a unitary latent variable in a hierarchical factor model.
Abstract: Conceptual and methodological ambiguities surrounding the concept of perceived behavioral control are clarified. It is shown that perceived control over performance of a behavior, though comprised of separable components that reflect beliefs about self-efficacy and about controllability, can nevertheless be considered a unitary latent variable in a hierarchical factor model. It is further argued that there is no necessary correspondence between self-efficacy and internal control factors, or between controllability and external control factors. Self-efficacy and controllability can reflect internal as well as external factors and the extent to which they reflect one or the other is an empirical question. Finally, a case is made that measures of perceived behavioral control need to incorporate self-efficacy as well as controllability items that are carefully selected to ensure high internal consistency.
Summary and Conclusions
Perceived control over performance of a behavior can account for consider- able variance in intentions and actions. However, ambiguities surrounding the concept of perceived behavioral control have tended to create uncertainties and to impede progress. The present article attempted to clarify conceptual ambiguities and resolve issues related to the operationalization of perceived behavioral control. Recent research has demonstrated that the overarching concept of perceived behavioral control, as commonly assessed, is comprised of two components: self-efficacy (dealing largely with the ease or difficulty of performing a behavior) and controllability (the extent to which performance is up to the actor). Contrary to a widely accepted view, it was argued that self-efficacy expectations do not necessarily correspond to beliefs about internal control factors, and that controllability expectations have no necessary basis in the perceived operation of external factors. Instead, it was suggested that self-efficacy and controllability may both reflect beliefs about the presence of internal as well as external factors. Rather than making a priori assumptions about the internal or external locus of self-efficacy and controllability, this issue is best treated as an empirical question.
Also of theoretical significance, the present article tried to dispel the notion that self-efficacy and controllability are incompatible with, or independent of, each other. Although factor analyses of perceived behavioral control items provide clear and consistent evidence for the distinction, there is sufficient commonality between self-efficacy and controllability to suggest a two-level hierarchical model. In this model, perceived behavioral control is the overarching, superordinate construct that is comprised of two lower-level components: self-efficacy and controllability. This view of the control component in the theory of planned behavior implies that measures of perceived behavioral control should contain items that assess self-efficacy as well as controllability. Depending on the purpose of the investigation, a decision can be made to aggregate over all items, treating perceived behavioral control as a unitary factor, or to distinguish between self-efficacy and controllability by entering separate indices into the prediction equation.
6,544 citations
"Self-Efficacy and Subjective Norms ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In that study, prior experience was used as a predictor, whereas the antecedents were used as mediators; this study used the self-efficacy and subjective norms as moderators, taking an insight from the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 2002)....
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...However, according to Ajzen (1985, 2002) and Rotter (1975), there are two prevailing opinions....
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...This is also supported by the theory of planned behavior as explained by Ajzen (2002) who had earlier posited that the interaction of subjective norm variables and other variables of perceived behavioral control like networking competence should have interaction effect on intentions (Engle et al.,…...
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...Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior holds that the major predictors of intention are perceived behavioral control (control beliefs), attitude toward a behavior, and subjective norms (Ajzen, 1991, 2002)....
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