Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.
TL;DR: An integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment is presented and findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive mode of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes.
Abstract: The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from four principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. The more dependable the experiential sources, the greater are the changes in perceived selfefficacy. A number of factors are identified as influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arising from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. Possible directions for further research are discussed.
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TL;DR: In this article, a model that integrates several different motivational theories and previous control theory models is presented as a possible meta-theory to focus future theoretical and empirical efforts, which is dynamic, parsimonious and focuses on self-regulation and the underlying cognitive mechanisms of motivation.
Abstract: A model that integrates several different motivational theories and previous control theory models is presented as a possible meta-theory to focus future theoretical and empirical efforts. The proposed model is dynamic, parsimonious, and focuses on self-regulation and the underlying cognitive mechanisms of motivation. In explicating this model, numerous hypotheses are derived regarding (a) the nature of goals and feedback; (b) cognitive, behavioral, and affective reactions to goals and feedback; and (c) the role of attributions, expectancies, and goal hierarchies in determining those reactions.
490 citations
Cites background from "Self-efficacy: toward a unifying th..."
...time dimension, and the feedback findings suggest that goals with a shorter time frame may be more effective, a position supported by Bandura and Schunk (1981). Given, however, that excessively frequent feedback can be detrimental (Ilgen et al....
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...expectancies are similar to, but differ subtly from, both performance to outcome expectancies in expectancy theory (Lawler, 1973) and efficacy expectations in social learning theory (Bandura, 1977, 1986). Those differences are discussed in depth both by Carver and Scheier (1981) and by Bandura (1977)....
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TL;DR: The field of work motivation has received much attention over the past several decades in both research journals and management periodicals as mentioned in this paper, and it is not surprising, therefore, that this topic has received so much attention.
Abstract: The topic of employee motivation plays a cen tral role in the field of management?both prac tically and theoretically. Managers see motiva tion as an integral part of the performance equation at all levels, while organizational re searchers see it as a fundamental building block in the development of useful theories of effective management practice. Indeed, the topic of motivation permeates many of the sub fields that compose the study of management, including leadership, teams, performance man agement, managerial ethics, decision making, and organizational change. It is not surprising, therefore, that this topic has received so much attention over the past several decades in both research journals and management periodicals. Whereas several recent articles have exam ined how far we have come in researching work motivation, this special forum focuses on where we are going.1 That is, we ask the questions: What is the future of work motivation theories? What are the critical questions that must be addressed if progress in the field is to be made? What is the future research agenda? How can we extend or modify current models of work motivation so they continue to be relevant in the future? And where are entirely new models of motivation needed to further our understanding of employee behavior and job performance in contemporary organizations? To understand where the field is going, how ever, we must first understand where it has been. This introduction represents an overview of the field of work motivation from a theoretical
490 citations
TL;DR: This final article will focus on summarizing recommendations from the American Diabetes Association and integrating them as a set of clinical practice guidelines for prevention of diabetes itself and of the complications of diabetes and diabetes treatments.
Abstract: D uring the past 2 years, Clinical Diabetes has published “Diabetes Foundation,” an eight-part series intended to explain and review facets of diabetes care for general physicians and physicians in training. The goal of the series has been to improve diabetes care for patients treated by such physicians because only a very small percentage of patients with diabetes have access to an endocrinologist.
Although previous articles have focused on individual topics related to diabetes care and have reviewed available scientific data, this final article will focus on summarizing recommendations from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and integrating them as a set of clinical practice guidelines. Information supporting the recommendations has appeared in the previous installments of “Diabetes Foundation” and from the ADA.1 Although there are always exceptions, it is likely that the majority of patients with diabetes or glucose abnormalities would benefit from implementation of many of these guidelines for prevention of diabetes itself and of the complications of diabetes and diabetes treatments.
Patients who are experiencing symptoms of diabetes such as polyuria, polydipsia, or unexplained weight loss should be screened for diabetes, especially if they are obese or overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2). Asymptomatic adult patients should be tested at any age if they are overweight or obese and have an additional risk factor for diabetes. Children who are overweight (BMI greater than the 85th percentile or weight > 120% of ideal for height) should be screened for type 2 diabetes if they have a family history of type 2 diabetes, are of an ethnic background predisposed to diabetes, have signs of insulin resistance such as acanthosis nigricans on physical examination, have a maternal history of diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), or have other conditions typically associated with type 2 diabetes. Such testing in children should …
489 citations
TL;DR: High expectations were not found to be bad for women, although low expectations often were, and information and feeling in control were consistently associated with positive psychological outcomes.
Abstract: A prospective study of 825 women booked for delivery in six hospitals in southeastern England was conducted to determine their expectations of childbirth. Women completed three questionnaires, two before the birth and one six weeks after. Questions covered both objective and subjective aspects of birth, and gave particular attention to control, its importance and its relevance to psychological outcomes. Four different indices of psychological outcome were considered: fulfilment, satisfaction, emotional well-being, and the words that women used to describe their babies, which were shown to be related to different patterns of independent variables and of intra-partum events. Our results did not support popular stereotypes: high expectations were not found to be bad for women, although low expectations often were. Information and feeling in control were consistently associated with positive psychological outcomes.
489 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed and tested a process model of time management and found that engaging in some time management behaviors may have beneficial effects on tensions and job satisfaction but not on job performance.
Abstract: Although the popular literature on time management claims that engaging in time management behaviors results in increased job performance and satisfaction and fewer job tensions, a theoretical framework and empirical examination are lacking. To address this deficiency, the author proposed and tested a process model of time management. Employees in a variety of jobs completed several scales; supervisors provided performance ratings. Examination of the path coefficients in the model suggested that engaging in some time management behaviors may have beneficial effects on tensions and job satisfaction but not on job performance. Contrary to popular claims, time management training was not found to be effective.
489 citations
Additional excerpts
...A logical deduction from the goalsetting literature, however, is that the setting of goals is related to a person's self-efficacy in being able to exercise influence over his or her behavior (Bandura, 1977; Locke & Latham, 1990)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it, and individuals may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Abstract: The effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it. Acquisition and performance differ in situations perceived as determined by skill versus chance. Persons may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. This report summarizes several experiments which define group differences in behavior when Ss perceive reinforcement as contingent on their behavior versus chance or experimenter control. The report also describes the development of tests of individual differences in a generalized belief in internal-external control and provides reliability, discriminant validity and normative data for 1 test, along with a description of the results of several studies of construct validity.
21,451 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an exploración de the avances contemporaneos en la teoria del aprendizaje social, con especial enfasis en los importantes roles que cumplen los procesos cognitivos, indirectos, and autoregulatorios.
Abstract: Una exploracion de los avances contemporaneos en la teoria del aprendizaje social, con especial enfasis en los importantes roles que cumplen los procesos cognitivos, indirectos, y autoregulatorios.
20,904 citations
TL;DR: Reading motivation reconsidered the concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages as a way to develop your experiences about everything.
6,452 citations
"Self-efficacy: toward a unifying th..." refers background in this paper
...In seeking a motivational explanation of exploratory and manipulative behavior, White (1959) postulated an "effectance motive," which is conceptualized as an intrinsic drive for transactions with the environment ....
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Book•
22 Jun 2011
TL;DR: The concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages as discussed by the authors, and the advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.
Abstract: No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed. It is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time. Reading will encourage your mind and thoughts. Of course, reading will greatly develop your experiences about everything. Reading motivation reconsidered the concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages. The advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.
5,245 citations
TL;DR: The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that "the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion" (p. 449) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that "the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion" (p. 449). Since we are aware of a variety of feeling and emotion states, it should follow from James' proposition that the various emotions will be accompanied by a variety of differentiable bodily states. Following James' pronouncement, a formidable number of studies were undertaken in search of the physiological differentiators of the emotions. The results, in these early days, were almost uniformly negative. All of the emotional states experi-
4,808 citations