Journal ArticleDOI
Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.
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TLDR
An integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment is presented and findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive mode of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes.Abstract:
The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from four principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. The more dependable the experiential sources, the greater are the changes in perceived selfefficacy. A number of factors are identified as influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arising from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. Possible directions for further research are discussed.read more
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A framework of mental toughness in the world's best performers.
TL;DR: This dissertation aims to provide a history of web exceptionalism from 1989 to 2002, a period chosen in order to explore its roots as well as specific cases up to and including the year in which descriptions of “Web 2.0” began to circulate.
Journal ArticleDOI
How do implementation intentions promote goal attainment? A test of component processes
Thomas L. Webb,Paschal Sheeran +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated whether the accessibility of the specified situation (cue accessibility) and the strength of the association between the situation and the intended response (cue-response linkage) explain the impact of implementation intentions on goal achievement.
Book
The encyclopedia of aging
Abstract: THINKING Young children understand the relation between objects and events in a functional manner, such that the first object is seen to go with or to operate on the second object. Complementarity criteria are an integral component of their thinking. Older children and young adults, by contrast, tend to use similarity criteria. In old age, however, the use of complementarity criteria has been found to increase once again (Reese & Rodeheaver, 1985). The reversal to complementarity in old age is thought to be caused by environmental factors rather than being attributable to changes in competence. Young children as well as the elderly are rarely required to state their thoughts in a specifically prescribed way, and complementary categorization therefore seems more natural, since such categorization groups occur naturally in time and space. Older adults do not neces-
Journal ArticleDOI
A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience
TL;DR: This work proposes a unified theoretical framework for the neuroscientific study of general resilience mechanisms and posits that a positive (non-negative) appraisal style is the key mechanism that protects against the detrimental effects of stress and mediates the effects of other known resilience factors.
Book ChapterDOI
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
TL;DR: Cognitive behavior therapy has been a hot topic in recent years as discussed by the authors. But it has not yet been studied in the general public, despite the growing interest in cognitive variables in behavior therapy.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it, and individuals may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Journal ArticleDOI
Social learning theory
TL;DR: In this article, an exploración de the avances contemporaneos en la teoria del aprendizaje social, con especial enfasis en los importantes roles que cumplen los procesos cognitivos, indirectos, and autoregulatorios.
Journal ArticleDOI
Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence.
TL;DR: Reading motivation reconsidered the concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages as a way to develop your experiences about everything.
Book
Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence
TL;DR: The concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages as discussed by the authors, and the advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
TL;DR: The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that "the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion" (p. 449) as mentioned in this paper.