Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.
TL;DR: An integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment is presented and findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive mode of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes.
Abstract: The present article presents an integrative theoretical framework to explain and to predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment. This theory states that psychological procedures, whatever their form, alter the level and strength of self-efficacy. It is hypothesized that expectations of personal efficacy determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long it will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Persistence in activities that are subjectively threatening but in fact relatively safe produces, through experiences of mastery, further enhancement of self-efficacy and corresponding reductions in defensive behavior. In the proposed model, expectations of personal efficacy are derived from four principal sources of information: performance accomplishments, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological states. The more dependable the experiential sources, the greater are the changes in perceived selfefficacy. A number of factors are identified as influencing the cognitive processing of efficacy information arising from enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources. The differential power of diverse therapeutic procedures is analyzed in terms of the postulated cognitive mechanism of operation. Findings are reported from microanalyses of enactive, vicarious, and emotive modes of treatment that support the hypothesized relationship between perceived self-efficacy and behavioral changes. Possible directions for further research are discussed.
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TL;DR: The authors compare five different approaches to the evaluation of teacher cognition: (a) direct and non-inferential ways of assessing teacher belief, (b) methods that rely on contextual analyses of teachers' descriptive language, (c) taxonomies for assessin...
Abstract: Although research on teacher cognition is no longer in its infancy, it has largely failed to affect the ways in which programs and teachers are evaluated. In accordance with what Raths and Katz (1985) call the Goldilocks Principle, the notion of teacher cognition may simply be “too big” (too general and vague) for mundane application. This review was designed to compare alternative approaches to the evaluation of teacher cognition and to consider ways in which the literature of this subfield may be discouraging its application. Teacher cognition is defined as pre- or inservice teachers’ self-reflections; beliefs and knowledge about teaching, students, and content; and awareness of problem-solving strategies endemic to classroom teaching. This paper describes and critiques five different approaches to the evaluation of teacher cognition: (a) direct and noninferential ways of assessing teacher belief, (b) methods that rely on contextual analyses of teachers’ descriptive language, (c) taxonomies for assessin...
606 citations
TL;DR: Baumrind as mentioned in this paper argued that within a responsive and supportive parent-child relationship, prudent use of punishment is a necessary tool in the disciplinary encounter and that it is not the specific disciplinary practice but how it is administered and in what cultural context that determine its efficacy and longterm effects.
Abstract: THE DISCIPLINE CONTROVERSY REVISITED* Diana Baumrind** Neither extreme position in the reincarnated discipline controversy offers parents an efficaciousmodel of childrearing today, any more than it did 30 years ago when the authoritative model was developed as a viable alternative to both the conservative (authoritarian) model and the liberal (permissive) model. Each polarized model contains its germ of truth, but each demonizes the other. It is argued here that within a responsive and supportive parent-child relationship, prudent use of punishment is a necessary tool in the disciplinary encounter. In the course of 1995-1996, I was asked to speak at several conferences dealing with issues of socialization and discipline and, in particular, the place of physical punishment in the socialization process; this article attempts an integration of my position on the issues that were raised at these conferences. The controversy is first set in historical context, followed hy a consideration of what constitutes optimal child outcomes. Developmental and cultural factors are considered that must be taken into account for rational debate to occur concerning desirable child outcomes and consequent childrearing objectives. Socialization is construed as an aspect, but not the whole, of childrearing and is distinguished from disciplinary encounters, which, albeit prevalent in family life, are merely one among many socialization strategies. The major dimensions of childrearing are grouped under the two prime factors of responsiveness and demandingness, followed by an overview of different patterns of parental authority with an emphasis on the authoritative model, which is then contrasted with a contemporary Nordic model. The argument presented leads to the general conclusion that it is not the specific disciplinary practice but how it is administered and in what cultural context that determine its efficacy and longterm effects. Historical Context Sometimes framed as a liberal versus conservative dichotomy, the current reincarnation of this false polarity centers on the proper role of aversive discipline, particularly spanking, in the socialization of children. Within this polarity, current anti-spanking rhetoric (e.g., Hyman, 1990; Straus, 1994) is countered by Christian fundamentalist defense of strict and sometimes punitive parental authority (e.g., Dobson, 1992; Hyles, 19?2). The contemporary discipline controversy has resurrected this false polarization between a hierarchical paternalistic authoritarian model that places obedience as the cornerstone in the foundation of character (Hyles, 1972) and a child-centered rights position that demands for children the same civil rights as are possessed by adults (Cohen. 1980). The authoritative model I posited some 30 years ago (Baumrind, 1966) rejects both extremes of the authoritarianpermissive (or conservative-liberal) polarity, representing instead an integration of opposing unbalanced childrearing positions. At one extreme, childcentered permissiveness high on responsiveness and low on demandingness is justified by a children's rights position; at the opposite extreme, restrictive parent-centered authoritarianism is justified by fundamentalist religious convictions. Within the authoritative model, behavioral compliance and psychological autonomy are viewed not as mutually exclusive but rather as interdependent objectives: children are encouraged to respond habitually in prosocial ways and to reason autonomously about moral problems, and to respect adult authorities and learn how to think independently. Neither arbitrary enforcement of restrictive directives (as in authoritarian relationships) nor avoidance of extrinsic motivators and externally imposed rules and structure (as in permissive relationships) characterize authoritative parent-child relationships. The focus of the longitudinal program of research (Family Socialization and Developmental Competence Project [FSP]) I direct and of this article is on the relation between parental authority and normal children's development. …
606 citations
Cites background from "Self-efficacy: toward a unifying th..."
...People's self-efficacy beliefs influence their level of motivation and, thus, the amount and duration of effort they will expend when faced with obstacles without succumbing to depressive ruminations about their self-worth (Bandura, 1988, 1989)....
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TL;DR: The effects of mobile phone messaging applications designed to facilitate self-management of long-term illnesses, in terms of impact on health outcomes and patients' capacity to self-manage their condition are assessed.
Abstract: Background
Long-term illnesses affect a significant proportion of the population in developed and developing countries Mobile phone messaging applications, such as Short Message Service (SMS) and Multimedia Message Service (MMS), may present convenient, cost-effective ways of supporting self-management and improving patients' self-efficacy skills through, for instance, medication reminders, therapy adjustments or supportive messages
Objectives
To assess the effects of mobile phone messaging applications designed to facilitate self-management of long-term illnesses, in terms of impact on health outcomes and patients' capacity to self-manage their condition Secondary objectives include assessment of: user evaluation of the intervention; health service utilisation and costs; and possible risks and harms associated with the intervention
Search methods
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL,The Cochrane Library 2009, Issue 2), MEDLINE (OvidSP) (January 1993 to June 2009), EMBASE (OvidSP) (January 1993 to June 2009), PsycINFO (OvidSP) (January 1993 to June 2009), CINAHL (EbscoHOST) (January 1993 to June 2009), LILACS (January 1993 to June 2009) and African Health Anthology (January 1993 to June 2009)
We also reviewed grey literature (including trial registers) and reference lists of articles
Selection criteria
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-randomised controlled trials (QRCTs), controlled before-after (CBA) studies, or interrupted time series (ITS) studies with at least three time points before and after the intervention We selected only studies where it was possible to assess the effects of mobile phone messaging independent of other technologies or interventions
Data collection and analysis
Two review authors independently assessed all studies against the inclusion criteria, with any disagreements resolved by a third review author Study design features, characteristics of target populations, interventions and controls, and results data were extracted by two review authors and confirmed by a third Primary outcomes of interest were health outcomes as a result of the intervention and capacity to self-manage long-term conditions We also considered patients' and providers' evaluation of the intervention, perceptions of safety, health service utilisation and costs, and potential harms or adverse effects The included studies were heterogeneous in type of condition addressed, intervention characteristics and outcome measures Therefore, a meta-analysis to derive an overall effect size for the main outcome categories was not considered justified and findings are presented narratively
Main results
We included four randomised controlled trials involving 182 participants
For the primary outcome of health outcomes, including physiological measures, there is moderate quality evidence from two studies involving people with diabetes showing no statistical difference from text messaging interventions compared with usual care or email reminders for glycaemic control (HbA1c), the frequency of diabetic complications, or body weight There is moderate quality evidence from one study of hypertensive patients that the mean blood pressure and the proportion of patients who achieved blood pressure control were not significantly different in the intervention and control groups, and that there was no statistically significant difference in mean body weight between the groups There is moderate quality evidence from one study that asthma patients receiving a text messaging intervention experienced greater improvements on peak expiratory flow variability (mean difference (MD) -1112, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1956 to -268) and the pooled symptom score comprising four items (cough, night symptoms, sleep quality, and maximum tolerated activity) (MD -036, 95% CI -056 to -017) compared with the control group However, the study found no significant differences between the groups in impact on forced vital capacity or forced expiratory flow in 1 second
For the primary outcome of capacity to self-manage the condition, there is moderate quality evidence from one study that diabetes patients receiving the text messaging intervention demonstrated improved scores on measures of self-management capacity (Self-Efficacy for Diabetes score (MD 610, 95% CI 045 to 1175), Diabetes Social Support Interview pooled score (MD 439, 95% CI 285 to 592)), but did not show improved knowledge of diabetes There is moderate quality evidence from three studies of the effects on treatment compliance One study showed an increase in hypertensive patients' rates of medication compliance in the intervention group (MD 890, 95% CI 018 to 1762) compared with the control group, but in another study there was no statistically significant effect on rates of compliance with peak expiratory flow measurement in asthma patients Text message prompts for diabetic patients initially also resulted in a higher number of blood glucose results sent back (460) than email prompts did (235)
For the secondary outcome of participants' evaluation of the intervention, there is very low quality evidence from two studies that patients receiving mobile phone messaging support reported perceived improvement in diabetes self-management, wanted to continue receiving messages, and preferred mobile phone messaging to email as a method to access a computerised reminder system
For the secondary outcome of health service utilisation, there is very low quality evidence from two studies Diabetes patients receiving text messaging support made a comparable number of clinic visits and calls to an emergency hotline as patients without the support For asthma patients the total number of office visits was higher in the text messaging group, whereas the number of hospital admissions was higher for the control group
Because of the small number of trials included, and the low overall number of participants, for any of the reviewed outcomes the quality of the evidence can at best be considered moderate
Authors' conclusions
We found some, albeit very limited, indications that in certain cases mobile phone messaging interventions may provide benefit in supporting the self-management of long-term illnesses However, there are significant information gaps regarding the long-term effects, acceptability, costs, and risks of such interventions Given the enthusiasm with which so-called mHealth interventions are currently being implemented, further research into these issues is needed
604 citations
Cites background from "Self-efficacy: toward a unifying th..."
...By increasing self-efficacy (Bandura 1977; Bandura 1982) and providing support mechanisms (Cohen 1985; Cobb 2002; Christakis 2004), these interventions may influence health behaviours and enhance self-management of long-term illnesses....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the factors that encourage customers to adopt online banking in Saudi Arabia, based on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and incorporated some extra important control variables.
604 citations
Cites background from "Self-efficacy: toward a unifying th..."
..., 2003; Eastin, 2002; Bandura, 1977; Monsuwé et al., 2004; Wang and Newlin, 2002). Davis et al. (1989) and Wang et al....
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...Several studies have examined the relationship between self-efficacy with respect to computer use (e.g. Wang et al., 2003; Eastin, 2002; Bandura, 1977; Monsuwé et al., 2004; Wang and Newlin, 2002)....
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TL;DR: Differences in the behavioral models between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged users who have direct usage experience are theorized and empirically tested and reveal distinct behavioral models and isolate the key factors that differentially impact the two groups.
Abstract: Digital inequality is one of the most critical issues in the knowledge economy. The private and public sectors have devoted tremendous resources to address such inequality, yet the results are inconclusive. Theoretically grounded empirical research is needed both to expand our understanding of digital inequality and to inform effective policy making and intervention. The context of our investigation is a city government project, known as the LaGrange Internet TV initiative, which allowed all city residents to access the Internet via their cable televisions at no additional cost. We examine the residents' post-implementation continued use intentions through a decomposed theory of planned behavior perspective, which is elaborated to include personal network exposure. Differences in the behavioral models between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged users who have direct usage experience are theorized and empirically tested. The results reveal distinct behavioral models and isolate the key factors that differentially impact the two groups. The advantaged group has a higher tendency to respond to personal network exposure. Enjoyment and confidence in using information and communication technologies, availability, and perceived behavioral control are more powerful in shaping continued ICT use intention for the disadvantaged. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
604 citations
Cites background from "Self-efficacy: toward a unifying th..."
...Self-efficacy has long been suggested as the key determinant for behavioral control (Bandura 1977) and for ICT implementation (Compeau and Higgins 1995)....
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...Bandura 1977 Compeau and Higgins 1995 Perceived Ease of Use (Strongly Disagree/Agree ) (1-7 scale) 1....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it, and individuals may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Abstract: The effects of reward or reinforcement on preceding behavior depend in part on whether the person perceives the reward as contingent on his own behavior or independent of it. Acquisition and performance differ in situations perceived as determined by skill versus chance. Persons may also differ in generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. This report summarizes several experiments which define group differences in behavior when Ss perceive reinforcement as contingent on their behavior versus chance or experimenter control. The report also describes the development of tests of individual differences in a generalized belief in internal-external control and provides reliability, discriminant validity and normative data for 1 test, along with a description of the results of several studies of construct validity.
21,451 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an exploración de the avances contemporaneos en la teoria del aprendizaje social, con especial enfasis en los importantes roles que cumplen los procesos cognitivos, indirectos, and autoregulatorios.
Abstract: Una exploracion de los avances contemporaneos en la teoria del aprendizaje social, con especial enfasis en los importantes roles que cumplen los procesos cognitivos, indirectos, y autoregulatorios.
20,904 citations
TL;DR: Reading motivation reconsidered the concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages as a way to develop your experiences about everything.
6,452 citations
"Self-efficacy: toward a unifying th..." refers background in this paper
...In seeking a motivational explanation of exploratory and manipulative behavior, White (1959) postulated an "effectance motive," which is conceptualized as an intrinsic drive for transactions with the environment ....
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Book•
22 Jun 2011
TL;DR: The concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages as discussed by the authors, and the advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.
Abstract: No wonder you activities are, reading will be always needed. It is not only to fulfil the duties that you need to finish in deadline time. Reading will encourage your mind and thoughts. Of course, reading will greatly develop your experiences about everything. Reading motivation reconsidered the concept of competence is also a way as one of the collective books that gives many advantages. The advantages are not only for you, but for the other peoples with those meaningful benefits.
5,245 citations
TL;DR: The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that "the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion" (p. 449) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The problem of which cues, internal or external, permit a person to label and identify his own emotional state has been with us since the days that James (1890) first tendered his doctrine that "the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion" (p. 449). Since we are aware of a variety of feeling and emotion states, it should follow from James' proposition that the various emotions will be accompanied by a variety of differentiable bodily states. Following James' pronouncement, a formidable number of studies were undertaken in search of the physiological differentiators of the emotions. The results, in these early days, were almost uniformly negative. All of the emotional states experi-
4,808 citations