Sensitive and Selective Detection of Pb 2+ Ions Using 2,5-Dimercapto-1,3,4-Thiadiazole Functionalized AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor
TL;DR: In this article, the gate region of the HEMT was functionalized by 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMTD), which showed excellent sensing response towards Pb2+ ions.
Abstract: We report sensitive and selective AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT)-based sensor for Lead ion (Pb2+) detection. The gate region of the HEMT was functionalized by 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMTD). The response of the sensor is observed by monitoring drain to source current ( $\text{I}_{\textsf {DS}}$ ) for different concentrations of Pb2+ ions at a fixed drain to source voltage ( $\text{V}_{\textsf {DS}}$ ). Our sensor reaches the lower detection limit of 0.018 ppb, which is much lower than the standard detection limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. Furthermore, the sensor exhibited a rapid response time of ~4 seconds and high sensitivity of $0.607~\mu \text{A}$ /ppb. Moreover, the selectivity analysis was performed and found that the sensor was highly selective towards Pb2+ ions. The change in electron concentration at 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) upon the capture of Pb2+ ions at gate region by DMTD, causes a change in the $\text{I}_{\textsf {DS}}$ , which showed excellent sensing response towards Pb2+ ions. The highly sensitive, selective, and rapid detection of Pb2+ ions paves the way for stable sensing performance based on DMTD functionalized AlGaN/GaN HEMT sensor.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the recent trends in heavy metal ion sensing with semiconductor devices, including ion-sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs) and AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors(HEMTs) and semiconductor materials like graphene, two-dimensional metal dichalcogenides, decorated with different nanoparticles with appropriate functionalization.
Abstract: Heavy metal ions are highly toxic, carcinogens, and non-biodegradable in nature and pollute most water resources that lead to severe health-related issues. It is essential to develop highly sensitive, selective, rapid, and accurate approaches for their detection in water. Semiconducting devices and materials with micro and nanostructures have been featured with fast response time, low power, high sensitivity, low detection limit. This review concisely introduces the recent trends in heavy metal ion sensing with semiconductor devices, including ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) and AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and semiconductor materials like graphene, two-dimensional metal dichalcogenides, decorated with different nanoparticles with appropriate functionalization.
20 citations
TL;DR: This review focuses on the recent efforts of employing DNA to manipulate the interfacial properties of AuNPs, as well as the major advances in the colorimetric detection of heavy metals.
Abstract: The contamination of heavy metals (e.g., Hg, Pb, Cd and As) poses great risks to the environment and human health. Rapid and simple detection of heavy metals of considerable toxicity in low concentration levels is an important task in biological and environmental analysis. Among the many convenient detection methods for heavy metals, DNA-inspired gold nanoparticles (DNA-AuNPs) have become a well-established approach, in which assembly/disassembly of AuNPs is used for colorimetric signaling of the recognition event between DNA and target heavy metals at the AuNP interface. This review focuses on the recent efforts of employing DNA to manipulate the interfacial properties of AuNPs, as well as the major advances in the colorimetric detection of heavy metals. Beginning with the introduction of the fundamental aspects of DNA and AuNPs, three main strategies of constructing DNA-AuNPs with DNA binding-responsive interface are discussed, namely, crosslinking, electrostatic interaction and base pair stacking. Then, recent achievements in colorimetric biosensing of heavy metals based on manipulation of the interface of DNA-AuNPs are surveyed and compared. Finally, perspectives on challenges and opportunities for future research in this field are provided.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a condensed overview of the contribution of certain semiconductor substrates in the development of chemical and biosensor FETs for HMI detection in the past decade.
Abstract: Heavy metal pollution remains a major concern for the public today, in line with the growing population and global industrialization. Heavy metal ion (HMI) is a threat to human and environmental safety, even at low concentrations, thus rapid and continuous HMI monitoring is essential. Among the sensors available for HMI detection, the field-effect transistor (FET) sensor demonstrates promising potential for fast and real-time detection. The aim of this review is to provide a condensed overview of the contribution of certain semiconductor substrates in the development of chemical and biosensor FETs for HMI detection in the past decade. A brief introduction of the FET sensor along with its construction and configuration is presented in the first part of this review. Subsequently, the FET sensor deployment issue and FET intrinsic limitation screening effect are also discussed, and the solutions to overcome these shortcomings are summarized. Later, we summarize the strategies for HMIs’ electrical detection, mechanisms, and sensing performance on nanomaterial semiconductor FET transducers, including silicon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, AlGaN/GaN, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), black phosphorus, organic and inorganic semiconductor. Finally, concerns and suggestions regarding detection in the real samples using FET sensors are highlighted in the conclusion.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-step gate recess technique was used to construct a suspended gate-recessed Pt/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure gas sensor integrated with a micro-heater.
Abstract: Based on our proposed precision two-step gate recess technique, a suspended gate-recessed Pt/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure gas sensor integrated with a micro-heater is fabricated and characterized. The controllable two-step gate recess etching method, which includes O2 plasma oxidation of nitride and wet etching, improves gas sensing performance. The sensitivity and current change of the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure to 1–200 ppm NO2/air are increased up to about 20 and 12 times compared to conventional gate device, respectively. The response time is also reduced to only about 25 % of value for conventional device. The sensor has a suspended circular membrane structure and an integrated micro-hotplate for adjusting the optimum working temperature. The sensitivity (response time) increases from 0.75 % (1250 s) to 3.5 % (75 s) toward 40 ppm NO2/air when temperature increase from 60°C to 300°C. The repeatability and cross-sensitivity of the sensor are also demonstrated. These results support the practicability of a high accuracy and fast response gas sensor based on the suspended gate recessed AlGaN/GaN heterostructure with an integrated micro-heater.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors have demonstrated a highly sensitive platform for real-time detection of mercury (Hg 2+ ) ions after successfully making silver nanowires (AgNWs)-MoS.
Abstract: We have demonstrated a highly sensitive novel platform for real-time detection of mercury (Hg 2+ ) ions after successfully making silver nanowires (AgNWs)-MoS 2 nanocomposite and functionalizing it over ungated AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT). The AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures were grown over the sapphire substrate using molecular beam epitaxy. AgNWs-MoS 2 nanocomposites were optimized for the device functionalization and 1:4 ratio was found highly sensitive for Hg 2+ ions. The sensor exhibits high sensitivity toward Hg 2+ ions of 1.604 mA/ppb and calculated its Limit of Detection (LoD) up to the range of 20 parts per trillion. The observed sensitivity is highest among previously reported AlGaN/GaN fabricated HEMT-based sensors for mercury (Hg 2+ ) ions detection and is well below the standard permissible limits as set by World Health Organization (WHO) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The enhancement in sensitivity is due to the enhanced surface to volume ratio of AgNW-MoS 2 nanocomposite and the highly conductive nature of AgNWs incorporated in MoS 2 . Moreover, we also performed sensing on real water samples of tap water and lake water. Furthermore, we showed the smart sensing capability of our developed sensor by illustrating the Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled system for next-generation heavy metal ion sensing.
3 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the toxicity mechanisms of various metal ions and their relationship towards the induction of oxidative stress have been summarized, and electrochemical biosensors employed in the detection of metal ions with various interfaces have been highlighted.
Abstract: Most of the metal ions are carcinogens and lead to serious health concerns by producing free radicals. Hence, fast and accurate detection of metal ions has become a critical issue. Among various metal ions arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury and chromium are considered to be highly toxic. To detect these metal ions, electrochemical biosensors with interfaces such as microorganisms, enzymes, microspheres, nanomaterials like gold, silver nanoparticles, CNTs, and metal oxides have been developed. Among these, nanomaterials are considered to be most promising, owing to their strong adsorption, fast electron transfer kinetics, and biocompatibility, which are very apt for biosensing applications. The coupling of electrochemical techniques with nanomaterials has enhanced the sensitivity, limit of detection, and robustness of the sensors. In this review, toxicity mechanisms of various metal ions and their relationship towards the induction of oxidative stress have been summarized. Also, electrochemical biosensors employed in the detection of metal ions with various interfaces have been highlighted.
730 citations
"Sensitive and Selective Detection o..." refers background in this paper
...It is generally found in industrial waste, agricultural materials, packed food, rain, and lake water [1]....
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TL;DR: A facile, cost-effective and sensitive colorimetric detection method for Pb(2+) has been developed by using glutathione functionalized gold nanoparticles (GSH-GNPs), which showed excellent selectivity compared to other metal ions.
Abstract: A facile, cost-effective and sensitive colorimetric detection method for Pb2+ has been developed by using glutathione functionalized gold nanoparticles (GSH-GNPs). The sensitivity and selectivity of detection were investigated in detail. The GSH-GNPs could be induced to aggregate immediately in the presence of Pb2+, especially after the addition of 1 M NaCl aqueous solution. The Pb2+ could be detected by colorimetric response of GNPs that could be monitored by a UV−vis spectrophotometer or even naked eyes, and the detection limit could reach 100 nM. The GSH-GNPs bound by Pb2+ showed excellent selectivity compared to other metal ions (Hg2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Cd2+, Ba2+, and Cr3+), which led to prominent color change. This provided a simple and effective colorimetric sensor (no enzyme or DNA) for on-site and real-time detection of Pb2+. Most importantly, this probe was also applied to determine the Pb2+ in the lake samples with low interference and high sensitivity.
345 citations
TL;DR: The functionalized wax-patterned three-dimensional paper-based ECL device that can provide fast, cost-effective, simple, and sensitive detection for analysis was dependent on Pb(2+) and Hg(2+)-induced conformational change of DNA strands through the formation of G-quadruplex and T-Hg-T complex, respectively.
Abstract: In this work, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPADs) has been proposed for simultaneous electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection of lead ion (Pb(2+)) and mercury ion (Hg(2+)) based on oligonucleotide The functionalized wax-patterned three-dimensional (3D) paper-based ECL device that can provide fast, cost-effective, simple, and sensitive detection for analysis was dependent on Pb(2+) and Hg(2+)-induced conformational change of DNA strands through the formation of G-quadruplex and T-Hg-T complex, respectively The carbon nanocrystals (CNCs) capped silica nanoparticles (Si@CNCs) and Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) aggregates (Ru@AuNPs) were both used as ECL labels in our case Structure characterization of Si@CNCs and Ru@AuNPs were obtained by the transmission electron microscope (TEM) Due to the different operational potentials of Si@CNCs and Ru@AuNPs, Pb(2+) and Hg(2+) coexisting in one paper working zone can be determined simultaneously with detection limits of 10 pM and 02 nM, respectively Finally, this simple and cost-effective device was successfully applied for simultaneous detection of Pb(2+) and Hg(2+) in lake water and human serum samples, respectively
175 citations
TL;DR: The present review critically summarizes and discusses the progress made since 2010 in the development and application of new electrodes for the analysis of metals and metalloids.
Abstract: For a long time mercury electrodes have been the main choice for the analysis of metal ions and some metalloids. However, in the last years, safety and environmental considerations have restricted their use and encouraged the search for alternative materials more environmentally friendly and with more possibilities for in-situ and flow analysis. This research has been reinforced by the popularisation of nanomaterials, biomolecules and screen-printed electrodes, as well as for the new advances in sensor miniaturization and integration of the electrodes in multi-sensor platforms and electronic tongues. The present review critically summarizes and discusses the progress made since 2010 in the development and application of new electrodes for the analysis of metals and metalloids.
126 citations
"Sensitive and Selective Detection o..." refers background in this paper
...2947141 ions in drinking water is 10 ppb and 15 ppb respectively [2],...
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TL;DR: In this article, the opportunities and challenges in applying nanomaterials to sense hazardous metals in relation to their general working principles are discussed, and the basic features of this developing field to help establish a plan to counteract heavy metal ions contamination.
Abstract: The widespread pollution of toxic metals has drawn much attention due to its potential to harm both human health and the environment. Recently, a large volume of scientific literature has identified a potent role for nanomaterials in capturing, separating, and probing for such hazardous pollutants. This review discusses the opportunities and challenges in applying nanomaterials to sense hazardous metals in relation to their general working principles. This review evaluates their performance and advantages about conventional analytical methods. Our review also describes the basic features of this developing field to help establish a plan to counteract heavy metal ions contamination.
108 citations
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