Sensory Data Gathering for Road Traffic Monitoring: Energy Efficiency, Reliability, and Fault Tolerance
01 Jan 2015-pp 89-112
TL;DR: In this Chapter, a novel tree-based data gathering scheme has been proposed, exploiting the strip-like structure of the road network, and an efficient scheduling mechanism is implemented to assure both the coverage and the critical power savings of the sensor nodes.
Abstract: Vehicular traffic monitoring and control using through road sensor network is challenging due to a continuous data streaming over the resource constrained sensor devices. The delay sensitivity and reliability of the large volume of application data as well as the scarcity of sensor resources demand efficient designing of data collection protocol. In this Chapter, a novel tree-based data gathering scheme has been proposed, exploiting the strip-like structure of the road network. An efficient scheduling mechanism is implemented to assure both the coverage and the critical power savings of the sensor nodes. The network connectivity is guaranteed throughout by the proposed tree maintenance module that handles the dynamics of the network as a result of sensor node joining and leaving events. An application message controller has been designed that works cooperatively with the tree management module, and handles continuous streaming of the application data to ensure no loss or redundancy in data delivery. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using the simulation results and compared with other approaches for large data collection in sensor network.
Citations
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16 Dec 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the authors proposed an efficient traffic monitoring system, which can detect the vehicle flow on the roads in real time, which has three made components including evaluating vehicle density that is based on background subtraction procedures.
Abstract: Traffic analysis true video monitoring is quite a complex job. The reason for the same include different appearances, light changes, and variation in speeds. This paper proposed an efficient traffic monitoring system, which can detect the vehicle flow on the roads in real time. This system has three made components including evaluating vehicle density that is based on background subtraction procedures. the second component evaluate the speed of the traffic flow using optical flow mechanism first up the third component includes evaluating the number of vehicles using improved differential approach. From the fundamental information extracted, our system can predict events such as high traffic zones, vehicles over speeding and many more. The simulation is conducted by using the traffic data set derived from Kaggle.
References
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22 Sep 2009
TL;DR: An intelligent system able to provide information in real-time about detection, flow rate, counting and vehicle classification is presented.
Abstract: A new value is reaching new heights in the InformationSociety, Road Safety. In this situation, strategic trafficmanagement is a key factor in intelligent transport systemsapplications (ITS), even though it also involves different sectors such as economic (oil dependency), environmental (pollution, noise. . . ), safety (both drivers and pedestrians) and health (breath problems, circulation. . . ). In urban areas, the trafficcontrol centre (TCC) gathers parameters and informationabout real time traffic which are used to implement trafficpolicies and legislation. This paper presents an intelligent system able to provide information in real-time about: detection (presence), flow rate, counting and vehicle classification. The classification has been made in five groups (5+1): powered two-wheeler, passenger car, van, truck and bus. The detection system used is a laser scanner sensor.
15 citations
01 Apr 2008
TL;DR: The important message from this paper is that choice of data collection protocol should come after the operating environment is understood and this understanding must include the characteristics of the radio transceiver, and link loss statistics from a long-term radio survey of the site.
Abstract: In the past few years, numerous data collection protocols have been developed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, there has been no comparison of their relative performance in realistic environments. Here we report the results of an empirical study using a Fleck3 sensor network testbed for four different data collection protocols: One phase pull Directed Diffusion (DD), Expected Number of Transmissions (ETX), ETX with explicit acknowledgment (ETX-eAck), and ETX with implicit acknowledgment (ETX-iAck).Our empirical study provides useful insights for future sensor network deployments. When the required application end-to-end reliability is not strict (e.g., 70%) and link quality is good, DD and ETX are the best options because of their simplicity and low routing overhead. Both ETX-eAck and ETX-iAck achieve more than 90% end-to-end reliability when the link quality is reasonable (less than 25% packet loss). When the link quality is good, ETX-iAck introduces significantly less routing overhead (up to 50%) than ETX-eAck. However, if the radio transceiver supports variable packet length, ETX-eAck can outperform ETX-iAck when the link quality is poor.The important message from this paper is that choice of data collection protocol should come after the operating environment is understood. This understanding must include the characteristics of the radio transceiver, and link loss statistics from a long-term (across seasons and weather variation) radio survey of the site.
14 citations
11 Apr 2011
TL;DR: A novel method of detecting the moving direction of a vehicle using only one sensor unit using a 2-axis magnetic sensor, low cost microcontroller, and signal processing technique is proposed.
Abstract: To improve the efficiency of the intelligent transportation system, the study on the detection of speed and moving direction of a vehicle has been researched recently. Conventional method to detect the moving direction of a vehicle is to use two separate sensor units under vehicle road, which results in expensive cost and long installation time. In this research, a novel method of detecting the moving direction of a vehicle using only one sensor unit is proposed. The newest magnetic sensor is multi-axis detectable and occupies very small space. The proposed detection scheme uses a 2-axis magnetic sensor, low cost microcontroller, and signal processing technique. The designed sensor for detection of the direction of a vehicle is easy to install and less expensive than other type sensor. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm sensor was very effective and reliable.
13 citations
01 Dec 2011
TL;DR: A roadside directional sensor network where sensors with directional Field Of Views (FOVs) are placed along a roadway is focused on, and an effective heuristic algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of scheduling sensor nodes with variable sensing orientations.
Abstract: In this paper, we focus on a roadside directional sensor network where sensors with directional Field Of Views (FOVs) are placed along a roadway. We study the problem of wakeup scheduling, with the objective of maximizing network lifetime under the constraint that full coverage and network connectivity are maintained at all times. First, we present centralized polynomial time algorithms to optimally solve the problems of scheduling sensor nodes with fixed sensing orientations. Moreover, an effective heuristic algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of scheduling sensor nodes with variable sensing orientations. In addition, we also present distributed algorithms for both fixed and variable cases. Simulation results based on a roadway in the Yellowstone National Park have been presented to show the performance of the proposed algorithms.
11 citations
04 Jul 2011
TL;DR: Performance evaluation shows that the ADCD protocol allows for mitigating the information redundancy and its delivery with an adequate latency while making the reception of interesting data for the drivers (related to their location) more adapted.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a newly distributed protocol called ADCD to manage information harvesting, and distribution in Vehicular Sensor Networks (VSN). The concept of ADCD is based on the characterization of sensed information (i.e. its importance, location and time of collection) and the diffusion of this information accordingly. Furthermore, ADCD uses an adaptive broadcasting strategy to avoid overwhelming users with messages for which they have no interests. Thanks to this adaptive broadcasting strategy, ADCD limits the generated overhead avoiding network congestions as well as long latency to deliver the harvested information, which are the main limitations of other existing protocols. Moreover, it is designed to be flexible regarding the use of roadside units or not, which is not the case in other schemes in the literature. To reach its objectives, ADCD operations are divided into three steps: (i) classification of data and the identification of their target area of diffusion, (ii) data-centric election of the set of broadcasters to avoid broadcasting redundancy, and (iii) iterative process for data dispatching in a targeted area. Performance evaluation shows that the ADCD protocol allows for mitigating the information redundancy and its delivery with an adequate latency while making the reception of interesting data for the drivers (related to their location) more adapted. Moreover, the ADCD protocol reduces the overhead by 90% compared to the classical broadcast and an adapted version of MobEyes [4]. The ADCD overhead is kept stable whatever the vehicular density.
10 citations