Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus and Leptospira hardjo in cattle.
TL;DR: Although there was no acute disease, antibodies detected against L. hardjo and B. abortus in the cattle population indicated the presence of chronic and subclinical infection, which could challenge the fertility of the animals.
Abstract: AIM The aim was to assess the seroprevalence of B. abortus and Leptospira hardjo in the cattle population of Bihar, this work was carried out. MATERIALS AND METHODS Randomly selected 450 cattle from nine districts of Bihar were serologically screened for antibodies against L. hardjo and B. abortus. DAS-ELISA for leptospira and AB-ELISA for brucella were carried out. Based on the results prevalence in each district and the state are reported herewith. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this study, it was found that the seroprevalence of L. hardjo was 9.11% and that of B. abortus was 12.2% in Bihar. Indigenous cattle were found to be less susceptible to leptospirosis and brucellosis even though they accounted for 83.11% of the study population. CONCLUSION Although there was no acute disease, antibodies detected against L. hardjo and B. abortus in the cattle population indicated the presence of chronic and subclinical infection, which could challenge the fertility of the animals.
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TL;DR: In the absence of highly effective vaccines and because of difficulties in executing a segregation and slaughter policy of infected animals in countries like India, control of bovine brucellosis remains a challenge.
Abstract: Background: Brucellosis is an economically important zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution, with low-income countries being more affected. The disease is endemic in India, a country that hou...
44 citations
Cites background from "Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus ..."
...This higher prevalence in organized dairy farms may be due to higher prevalence of the disease in exotic and cross-bred animals, compared to indigenous cattle [40], transmission of disease during natural mating/artificial insemina-...
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...…in cattle and 10% in buffalo, based on non-random sampling), Gujarat (12%, based on random sampling), Bihar (12%, based on random sampling) and Andhra Pradesh (12%, based on nonrandom sampling) (Bhattacharya, Ahmed, & Rahman, 2005; Trangadia et al. 2012; Patel et al. 2014; Pandian et al. 2015)....
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Uppsala University1, International Livestock Research Institute2, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences3, United States Department of Agriculture4, Assam Agricultural University5, Government of India6, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University7, Indian Veterinary Research Institute8, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University9, Indian Council of Agricultural Research10, National Centre for Disease Control11, Veterinary College, Mathura12, Indian Council of Medical Research13, National Dairy Research Institute14
TL;DR: Overall, the meeting participants agreed that brucellosis control will be challenging in India, but with collaboration to address the priority areas listed here, it could be possible.
Abstract: Brucellosis is an important zoonosis worldwide. In livestock, it frequently causes chronic disease with reproductive failures that contribute to production losses, and in humans, it causes an often-chronic febrile illness that is frequently underdiagnosed in many low- and middle-income countries, including India. India has one of the largest ruminant populations in the world, and brucellosis is endemic in the country in both humans and animals. In November 2017, the International Livestock Research Institute invited experts from government, national research institutes, universities, and different international organizations to a one-day meeting to set priorities towards a "One Health" control strategy for brucellosis in India. Using a risk prioritization exercise followed by discussions, the meeting agreed on the following priorities: collaboration (transboundary and transdisciplinary); collection of more epidemiological evidence in humans, cattle, and in small ruminants (which have been neglected in past research); Economic impact studies, including cost effectiveness of control programmes; livestock vaccination, including national facilities for securing vaccines for the cattle population; management of infected animals (with the ban on bovine slaughter, alternatives such as sanctuaries must be explored); laboratory capacities and diagnostics (quality must be assured and better rapid tests developed); and increased awareness, making farmers, health workers, and the general public more aware of risks of brucellosis and zoonoses in general. Overall, the meeting participants agreed that brucellosis control will be challenging in India, but with collaboration to address the priority areas listed here, it could be possible.
15 citations
TL;DR: Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Jordan and further studies are required to effectively control the disease in dairy cows.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION This study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira serovars Pomona and Hardjo infection in dairy cows. METHODOLOGY Seroprevalence was determined using ELISA using 160 healthy and 80 recently aborted cows. Risk factor assessment was carried out using a pre-validated questionnaire. RESULTS The true farm seroprevalence of Leptospira serovars Pomona and Hardjo was 92.3% (95% CI: 66%-98%). In healthy cows, the true and apparent cow seroprevalence of Leptospira serovars Pomona and Hardjo were 26.9 (95% CI: 20-34%), 26.25% (95% CI: 20-33%) and 28.75% (95% CI: 22-36%) and 27.5% (95% CI: 21-35%), respectively. Semi-intensive management system (OR = 11.43; P < 0.01), surface water as a source of drinking water (OR = 1.21; P < 0.03), lack of special wear for visitors (OR = 1.39; P < 0.05), and previous history of abortion (OR = 1.02; P < 0.05) were associated with high rate of seropositivity against Leptospira serovars Pomona and Hardjo. In recently aborted cows, the true and apparent seroprevalence rates of Leptospira serovars Pomona and Hardjo were 53.25% (95% CI: 47.5-62%), 53.75% (95% CI: 48.5-63.2%) and 56% (95% CI: 49-61%), 56.25% (95% CI: 49.8-61.2%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Jordan and further studies are required to effectively control the disease in dairy cows.
7 citations
Cites background from "Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus ..."
...The most commonly reported risk factors of leptospirosis in dairy herds are age, large herd size, cograzing with other infected animals, contaminated water sources, use of natural breeding, inadequate husbandry practices, purchase of replacement heifers from infected herds, access of dogs and cats to pastures, contact of rodents with animal feed, presence of calf rearing facility on the farm with close contact with adult cows, and dirty drenching equipment [9-12]....
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TL;DR: The MSAT with the pooled antigen including the most prevalent serovars detected bovines with the Sejroe serogroups exposure, mainly in animals with high titters in the MAT, and could be used to screen herds suspected of acute infection by this serogroup in Pará State.
5 citations
TL;DR: Presence of antibodies with their prevalence in organized and unorganized farms warrants a systematic preventive strategy that is used to control brucellosis.
Abstract: In this cross sectional study 483 milk samples were collected from 483 lactating cows from selected districts of Tamil Nadu to detect antibodies against Brucella using Milk Ring Test (MRT). Overall, 4.35 per cent of milk samples were positive by MRT. The lactating cows were divided into 1st, 2nd to 4th and ≥5th lactation and the prevalence of Brucella were 2.94, 3.06 and 6.48 per cent respectively. Based on husbandry practices, the highest prevalence was recorded in unorganized farm sector (8.21%) followed by organized farm (3.84%) and single cow herds (3.63%). MRT can be used as a spot screening test. Presence of antibodies with their prevalence in organized and unorganized farms warrants a systematic preventive strategy that is used to control brucellosis.
5 citations
Cites background from "Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus ..."
...[26-28] showing that a higher prevalence of brucellosis was observed in organized farms than in single cow herds....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the causes of the following diseases: Diseases of the Alimentary Tract I. Diseases Caused by Toxins in Plants, Fungi, Cyanobacteria, Clavibacteria, Insects and Animals.
Abstract: Part 1. General Medicine: Clinical Examination and Making a Diagnosis. General Systemic States. Diseases of the Newborn. Practical Antimicrobial Therapeutics. Diseases of the Alimentary Tract I. Diseases of the Alimentary Tract II. Diseases of the Liver and Pancreas. Diseases of the Cardiovascular System. Diseases of the Blood and Blood-Forming Organs. Diseases of the Respiratory System. Diseases of the Urinary System. Diseases of the Nervous System. Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System. Diseases of the Skin, Conjunctiva and External Ear. Part 2. Special Medicine: Mastitis. Diseases Caused By Bacteria V. Diseases Caused By Viruses and Chlamydia I. Diseases Caused By Viruses and Chlamydia II. Diseases Caused By Rickettsia. Diseases Caused By Algae and Fungi. Diseases Caused By Protozoa. Diseases Caused By Helminth Parasites. Diseases Caused By Arthropod Parasites. Metabolic Diseases. Diseases Caused By Nutritional Deficiencies. Diseases Caused By Physical Agents. Diseases Caused By Inorganic and Farm Chemicals. Diseases Caused By Toxins in Plants, Fungi, Cyanobacteria, Clavibacteria, Insects and Animals. Diseases Caused By Allergy. Diseases Caused By the Inheritance of Undesirable Characters. Specific Diseases of Uncertain Etiology. Conversion Tables. Reference Laboratory Values. Index.
3,091 citations
TL;DR: Routine serological surveillance along with high clinical suspicion and screening of family members of index cases would be essential in delineating the real magnitude of human brucellosis in endemic countries.
Abstract: Brucellosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis with a worldwide distribution It is still an uncontrolled serious public health problem in many developing countries including India Brucellosis in India is yet a very common but often neglected disease Currently, Brucella melitensis accounts for most recorded cases globally with cattle emerging as a important reservoir with the few cases of B suis Isolated cases of non-terrestrial brucellosis and continuing transmission from wild animals have raised important epidemiological issues Routine serological surveillance along with high clinical suspicion and screening of family members of index cases would be essential in delineating the real magnitude of human brucellosis in endemic countries Increased business and leisure travel to endemic countries have led to diagnostic challenge in non-endemic areas Laboratory testing is indispensable for diagnosis Advances in newer rapid, sensitive, and specific testing methodologies and alternate treatment strategies are urgently needed A safe and effective vaccine in human is not yet available Prevention is dependent upon increasing public awareness through health education programmes and safe livestock practices Active co-operation between health and veterinary services should be promoted This review collates world literature and its impact to the discovery, isolation and diagnosis and epidemiology along with the control measures adapted in the Indian scenario
222 citations
"Seroprevalence of Brucella abortus ..." refers background in this paper
...Brucellosis is a potent zoonotic disease with global presence [1]....
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Journal Article•
153 citations
TL;DR: Investigating risk factors of Brucella seropositivity in cattle herds reared in livestock-wildlife interface areas of Blue Lagoon and Lochinvar National Parks in Zambia between August 2003 and September 2004 identified geographical area, contact with wildlife, and herd size as having significant effect on counts of seropositive cattle in a herd.
119 citations
TL;DR: Vaccination should be targeted at commercial large-scale farms with free-grazing farming to control brucellosis in cattle in and around Kampala city.
Abstract: Human brucellosis has been found to be prevalent in the urban areas of Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. A cross-sectional study was designed to generate precise information on the prevalence of brucellosis in cattle and risk factors for the disease in its urban and peri-urban dairy farming systems. The adjusted herd prevalence of brucellosis was 6.5% (11/177, 95% CI: 3.6%-10.0%) and the adjusted individual animal prevalence was 5.0% (21/423, 95% CI: 2.7% - 9.3%) based on diagnosis using commercial kits of the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA) for Brucella abortus antibodies. Mean within-herd prevalence was found to be 25.9% (95% CI: 9.7% - 53.1%) and brucellosis prevalence in an infected herd ranged from 9.1% to 50%. A risk factor could not be identified at the animal level but two risk factors were identified at the herd level: large herd size and history of abortion. The mean number of milking cows in a free-grazing herd (5.0) was significantly larger than a herd with a movement restricted (1.7, p < 0.001). Vaccination should be targeted at commercial large-scale farms with free-grazing farming to control brucellosis in cattle in and around Kampala city.
115 citations