Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).
TL;DR: A simple, fast, and reproducible method for the Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of S. indicum is described which may be employed for the transfer of desirable traits into this economically important oilseed crop.
Abstract: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop grown in India, China, Korea, Russia, Turkey, Mexico, South America, and several countries of Africa. Sesame seeds are rich in oil, proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and folic acid. Nearly 70% of the world's sesame is processed into oil and meal, while the remainder is channeled to food and confectionery industries. Production of sesame is limited by several fungal diseases, water logging, salinity, and shattering of seed capsules during harvest. Introgression of useful genes from wild species into cultigens by conventional breeding has not been successful due to postfertilization barriers. The only alternative for the improvement of S. indicum is to transfer genes from other sources through genetic transformation techniques. Here, we describe a simple, fast, and reproducible method for the Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of S. indicum which may be employed for the transfer of desirable traits into this economically important oilseed crop.
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TL;DR: The Sesame Genome Working Group (SGWG) has been formed to sequence and assemble the sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genome and the status and planned analyses are described.
Abstract: The Sesame Genome Working Group (SGWG) has been formed to sequence and assemble the sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genome. The status of this project and our planned analyses are described.
108 citations
Cites background from "Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)."
...especially oil crops, are to create new varieties with high quality and yield potential, and resistance to pathogens (including Fusarium wilt and Charcoal rot diseases), insect pests, waterlogging, drought and low temperature stress [37,42-45]....
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...Studies of the genome and functional genome of sesame are essential for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms underlying fatty acid and storage protein composition and content, and the secondary metabolism of antioxidant lignans [37-40]....
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...The basic chromosome number in the Sesamum genus is X = 8 and 13, with X = 13 probably resulting from ancient polyploidy [37]....
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TL;DR: This review retraces the evolution of sesame research by highlighting the recent advances in the “Omics” area and critically discusses the future prospects for a further genetic improvement and a better expansion of this crop.
Abstract: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oilseed crops widely grown in Africa and Asia for its high-quality nutritional seeds. It is well adapted to harsh environments and constitutes an alternative cash crop for smallholders in developing countries. Despite its economic and nutritional importance, sesame is considered as an orphan crop because it has received very little attention from science. As a consequence, it lags behind the other major oil crops as far as genetic improvement is concerned. In recent years, the scenario has considerably changed with the decoding of the sesame nuclear genome leading to the development of various genomic resources including molecular markers, comprehensive genetic maps, high-quality transcriptome assemblies, web-based functional databases and diverse daft genome sequences. The availability of these tools in association with the discovery of candidate genes and QTLs for key agronomic traits including high oil content and quality, waterlogging and drought tolerance, disease resistance, cytoplasmic male sterility, high yield, pave the way to the development of some new strategies for sesame genetic improvement. As a result, sesame has graduated from an “orphan crop” to a “genomic resource-rich crop”. With the limited research teams working on sesame worldwide, more synergic efforts are needed to integrate these resources in sesame breeding for productivity upsurge, ensuring food security and improved livelihood in developing countries. This review retraces the evolution of sesame research by highlighting the recent advances in the “Omics” area and also critically discusses the future prospects for a further genetic improvement and a better expansion of this crop.
101 citations
Cites background from "Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)."
...Because most of wild species of the Sesamum genus exist only in Africa, sesame has been thought to be originated from this continent (Hiltebrandt, 1932)....
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...…genetic materials of cultivated sesame as well as wild related species were collected from many growing areas, morphologically characterized and different seedbanks have been set up in several countries (Hiltebrandt, 1932; Kinman and Martin, 1954; Bedigian and Harlan, 1986; Bisht et al., 1998)....
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...During the first era (before year 2000), genetic materials of cultivated sesame as well as wild related species were collected from many growing areas, morphologically characterized and different seedbanks have been set up in several countries (Hiltebrandt, 1932; Kinman and Martin, 1954; Bedigian and Harlan, 1986; Bisht et al., 1998)....
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...Meanwhile during that period, questions related to the origin and domestication process of the cultivated sesame were the source of long debate and investigations (Hiltebrandt, 1932; Nayar and Mehra, 1970)....
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TL;DR: The results suggest that exogenous application of the Penicillium sp.
Abstract: This study investigated the plant growth promotion and stress mitigation effects of Penicillium species RDA01, NICS01, and DFC01 on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plants. The fungal isolates NICS01 and DFC01 significantly enhanced shoot length, root length, and fresh and dry seedling weight, due to the secretion of various concentrations of amino acids (Asp, Thr, Ser, Asn, Glu, Gly, Ala, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Lys, His, Try, and Arg). Penicillium sp. NICS01 increased the amount of chlorophylls, proteins, amino acids, and lignans in the sesame plants more so than in controls. Sesame plant growth was stunted by high soil salinity, and application of the three fungal isolates increased plant survival. The RDA01 and NICS01 strains significantly increased shoot length and fresh and dry seedling weights under salt stress conditions. In addition, an in vitro study of the Penicillium spp. revealed their antagonistic activity toward the pathogenic fungi Fusarium spp. Fusarium spp. reduce shoot length; co-inocu...
77 citations
Cites background from "Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)."
...A similar response of fungi against abiotic stress was reported in soybean (Khan, Hamayun, Ahmad et al. 2011) and rice (Redman et al. 2011)....
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that SiSAM confers drought tolerance by modulating polyamine levels and ROS homeostasis, and a missense mutation in the coding region partly contributes to the natural variation of drought tolerance in sesame.
Abstract: Unlike most of the important food crops, sesame can survive drought but severe and repeated drought episodes, especially occurring during the reproductive stage, significantly curtail the productivity of this high oil crop. Genome-wide association study was conducted for traits related to drought tolerance using 400 diverse sesame accessions, including landraces and modern cultivars. Ten stable QTLs explaining more than 40% of the phenotypic variation and located on four linkage groups were significantly associated with drought tolerance related traits. Accessions from the tropical area harboured higher numbers of drought tolerance alleles at the peak loci and were found to be more tolerant than those from the northern area, indicating a long-term genetic adaptation to drought-prone environments. We found that sesame has already fixed important alleles conferring survival to drought which may explain its relative high drought tolerance. However, most of the alleles crucial for productivity and yield maintenance under drought conditions are far from been fixed. This study also revealed that pyramiding the favourable alleles observed at the peak loci is of high potential for enhancing drought tolerance in sesame. In addition, our results highlighted two important pleiotropic QTLs harbouring known and unreported drought tolerance genes such as SiABI4, SiTTM3, SiGOLS1, SiNIMIN1 and SiSAM. By integrating candidate gene association study, gene expression and transgenic experiments, we demonstrated that SiSAM confers drought tolerance by modulating polyamine levels and ROS homeostasis, and a missense mutation in the coding region partly contributes to the natural variation of drought tolerance in sesame.
51 citations
TL;DR: The results provide technical guidance for efficient management of sesame genetic resources in breeding programs and further collection of s rye germplasm from these different regions.
Abstract: Sesame is an important oil crop widely cultivated in Africa and Asia. Understanding the genetic diversity of accessions from these continents is critical to designing breeding methods and for additional collection of sesame germplasm. To determine the genetic diversity in relation to geographical regions, 96 sesame accessions collected from 22 countries distributed over six geographic regions in Africa and Asia were genotyped using 33 polymorphic SSR markers. Large genetic variability was found within the germplasm collection. The total number of alleles was 137, averaging 4.15 alleles per locus. The accessions from Asia displayed more diversity than those from Africa. Accessions from Southern Asia (SAs), Eastern Asia (EAs), and Western Africa (WAf) were highly diversified, while those from Western Asia (WAs), Northern Africa (NAf), and Southeastern Africa (SAf) had the lowest diversity. The analysis of molecular variance revealed that more than 44% of the genetic variance was due to diversity among geographic regions. Five subpopulations, including three in Asia and two in Africa, were cross-identified through phylogenetic, PCA, and STRUCTURE analyses. Most accessions clustered in the same population based on their geographical origins. Our results provide technical guidance for efficient management of sesame genetic resources in breeding programs and further collection of sesame germplasm from these different regions.
51 citations
References
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TL;DR: In vivo redox biosensing resolves the spatiotemporal dynamics of compartmental responses to local ROS generation and provide a basis for understanding how compartment-specific redox dynamics may operate in retrograde signaling and stress 67 acclimation in plants.
Abstract: In experiments with tobacco tissue cultured on White's modified medium (basal meditmi hi Tnhles 1 and 2) supplemenk'd with kiticthi and hidoleacctic acid, a slrikin^' fourlo (ive-told intTease iu yield was ohtaitu-d within a three to Tour week j^rowth period on addition of an aqtteotis exlrarl of tobacco leaves (Fi^'ures 1 and 2). Subse(iueutly it was found Ihiit this jnoniotiou oi' f^rowih was due mainly though nol entirely to inorj^auic rather than organic con.stitttenls in the extract. In the isolation of Rrowth factors from plant tissues and other sources inorj '̂anic salts are fre(|uently carried along with fhe organic fraclioits. When tissue cultures are used for bioassays, therefore, il is necessary lo lake into account increases in growth which may result from nutrient elements or other known constituents of the medium which may he present in the te.st materials. To minimize interference trom rontaminaitis of this type, an altempt has heen made to de\\eh)p a nieditmi with such adequate supplies of all re(iuired tnineral nutrients and cotntnott orgattic cottslitueitls that no apprecial»le change in growth rate or yield will result from the inlroduclion of additional amounts in the range ordinarily expected to be present in tnaterials to be assayed. As a point of referetice for this work some of the culture media in mc)st common current use will he cotisidered briefly. For ease of comparis4)n Iheir mineral compositions are listed in Tables 1 and 2. White's nutrient .solution, designed originally for excised root cultures, was based on Uspeuski and Uspetiskaia's medium for algae and Trelease and Trelease's micronutrieni solution. This medium also was employed successfully in the original cttltivation of callus from the tobacco Iiybrid Nicotiana gtauca x A', tanijadorffii, atitl as further modified by White in 194̂ ^ and by others it has been used for the
63,098 citations
TL;DR: Growth inhibition by ASH results from the apoptosis induced by sesamin, a component of ASH, which suppressed the growth and induced apoptosis in the cells.
Abstract: Antitumor effect of the stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus HARMS (ASH) from Hokkaido (Japanese name: Ezoukogi) on human stomach cancer KATO III cells was investigated. The extract of the stem bark of ASH prepared with hot water was dissolved in distilled water and used for the assay of antitumor effect on the KATO III cells. The exposure of KATO III cells to ASH led to both growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis. Morphological change showing apoptotic bodies was observed in the cells treated with ASH. The fragmentation by ASH of DNA to oligonucleosomal-sized fragments that are characteristics of apoptosis was observed to be concentration- and time-dependent. We have investigated which component in ASH is effective on the induction of apoptosis. Among chlorogenic acid, syringaresinol di-o-beta-D glucoside, syringin, and sesamin, components of the n-butanol extract prepared from ASH, sesamin suppressed the growth and induced apoptosis in the cells. These findings suggest that growth inhibition by ASH results from the apoptosis induced by sesamin, a component of ASH.
76 citations
TL;DR: For the first time successful recovery of fertile transgenic plants of sesame from cotyledon explants inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying a binary vector pCAMBIA2301 is reported, which can be used to transfer new traits in sesame for quantitative and qualitative improvement.
Abstract: Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is an important oil seed crop that has not yet been transformed genetically. We report herein for the first time successful recovery of fertile transgenic plants of sesame from cotyledon explants inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying a binary vector pCAMBIA2301 that contains a neomycin phosphotransferase gene (nptII) and a β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (uidA) interrupted with an intron. Green shoots recovered from A. tumefaciens-infected explants on selection medium [Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing 25.0 μM benzyladenine (BA), 25.0 mg l−1 kanamycin and 400.0 mg l−1 cefotaxime] were rooted on MS basal medium containing 2.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid and 5.0 mg l−1 kanamycin. The rooted shoots were established in soil and grown to maturity to collect seeds. The presence, integration and expression of transgenes in putative T0 plants were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot hybridization and GUS histochemical assay, respectively. GUS activity was detected in vegetative and reproductive parts of T0 and T1 plants. Presence of thiol compounds in coculture medium and kanamycin selection at shoot regeneration and at rooting stages were found to be critical for transformation. The transgenes were inherited in Mendelian fashion in T1 progeny as detected by PCR. RT-PCR analysis of T1 plants confirmed the presence of transcripts of uidA gene. The transformation frequency was 1.01%, and 22–24 weeks were required from seed to seed generation time. This protocol can be used to transfer new traits in sesame for quantitative and qualitative improvement.
49 citations